糖类化合物
糖类化合物是由碳、氢、氧三种元素组成的有机物，在化学结构上表现为多羟基醛酮及其衍生物的聚合物。这些物质广泛存在于植物界，是植物体的主要组成成分之一，在植物的生理和生化过程中发挥着重要作用。
根据其结构的不同，糖类可以分为单糖（如葡萄糖、果糖、半乳糖等）、双糖（如蔗糖、麦芽糖、乳糖等）以及多糖（如淀粉、肝糖元、肌糖元等）。单糖是最简单的碳水化合物，它们是不能进一步被水解的含有多个羟基的醛或酮，习惯上称为醛糖和酮糖。例如，葡萄糖是一种己醛糖，果糖则为己酮糖，核糖则是戊醛糖。一般而言，单糖中的碳原子数目不超过10个，在自然界中主要存在的单糖是5至6个碳原子的化合物。
双糖是由两个分子的单糖结合后脱去一分子水形成的；而多糖是由数百乃至数千个葡萄糖分子组成的聚合物。当多糖被彻底水解时，会生成数千个单糖分子。典型的例子包括淀粉和纤维素等。
糖类化合物与人类生活息息相关，是人体获取能量的主要来源之一。此外，它们在药物领域也扮演着重要角色，例如病人可能需要使用葡萄糖注射液或右旋糖酐进行血浆制剂，而某些中药中的糖类成分如茯苓次聚糖、猪苓多糖和香菇多糖具有抗癌活性。
糖是绿色植物光合作用的主要产物之一，并且是维持动植物生命活动所需能量的重要来源。此外，它们也是人类饮食中不可或缺的组成部分，在工业上更是扮演着重要角色，应用于建筑、造纸、制药及食品等多个领域。近年来，关于糖类化合物的研究呈现出两个主要方向：一是化学家致力于人工合成糖类化合物以长远考虑社会的发展需求；二是探索糖与生命过程之间的关系，揭示在生物体内糖与其他分子如蛋白质和核酸的相互作用机制。
随着科学技术的进步，人们对糖类化合物的认识也在不断深入。未来，这些研究有望为人类提供新的食品来源及药物开发方向。
| 中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 | 结构式图片 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| —— | 1,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-2-azido-2-desoxy-α-D-glucopyranose | 56883-33-1 | C14H19N3O9 |
|
| —— | ethyl 3-O-benzyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-1-thio-β-D-glucopyranoside | 129519-27-3 | C30H29NO6S |
|
| —— | p-chlorophenyl β-D-glucopyranoside | 4756-30-3 | C12H15ClO6 |
|
| —— | (2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6R)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxane-3,4,5-triol;[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-4,5,6-triacetyloxy-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-triacetyloxy-6-(acetyloxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]methyl acetate;[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-4,5,6-tri(propanoyloxy)-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-tri(propanoyloxy)-6-(propanoyloxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]methyl propanoate | 9004-39-1 | C76H114O49 |
|
| —— | Melezitose monohydrate | 10030-67-8 | C18H34O17 |
|
| —— | p-Methoxyphenyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-β-D-glucopyranoside | 138906-43-1 | C28H25NO8 |
|
| —— | p-Methoxyphenyl 3-O-benzyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-β-D-glucopyranoside | 129575-88-8 | C35H31NO8 |
|
| —— | N-benzoyl-D-glucosamine | 61949-16-4 | C13H17NO6 |
|
| —— | N-benzoylglucosamine | 655-42-5 | C13H17NO6 |
|
| —— | D-(+)-glucosamine hydrochloride | 66-84-2 | C6H13NO5*ClH |
|
| —— | 2-β-D-galactopyranosyloxy-benzaldehyde | 618-65-5 | C13H16O7 |
|
| —— | arbutin | 497-76-7 | C12H16O7 |
|
| —— | β-arbutin | 497-76-7 | C12H16O7 |
|
| —— | Arbutin | 497-76-7 | C12H16O7 |
|
| —— | Hydroxypropyl Betadex | 128446-35-5 | C60H106O40 |
|
| —— | Adrabetadex | 128446-35-5 | C54H94O38 |
|
| —— | Sucrose | 57-50-1 | C12H22O11 |
|
| —— | D-Galactopyranoside, D-fructofuranosyl | 57-50-1 | C12H22O11 |
|
| —— | (2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[[(1S,3S,4S,5S,8R)-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2-[[(1S,3R,4S,5S,8R)-3,4-dihydroxy-2,6-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl]oxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-2,6-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl]oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol | 9012-36-6 | C24H38O19 |
|
| —— | Glc(a1-4)L-Glc(a1-4)L-Glc(a1-4)Glc | 34612-38-9 | C24H42O21 |
|
| —— | (2R,4S,5R,6R)-5-acetamido-2,4-dihydroxy-6-[(1R)-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl]oxane-2-carboxylic acid | 131-48-6 | C11H19NO9 |
|
| —— | methyl-4,6-O-phenylmethylene-α-D-mannopyranoside | 3162-96-7 | C14H18O6 |
|
| —— | <i>L</i>-<i>ribo</i>-2-deoxy-hexose | 154-17-6 | C6H12O5 |
|
| —— | Uridin | 58-96-8 | C9H12N2O6 |
|
| —— | 1,2:5,6-Di-O-isopropylidene-β-D-altrofuranose | 582-52-5 | C12H20O6 |
|
| —— | 1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-D-altrofuranose | 582-51-4 | C9H16O6 |
|
| —— | 1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-β-D-altropyranose | 4064-06-6 | C12H20O6 |
|
| —— | methyl 3,5-di-O-toluoyl-2-deoxy-D-ribofuranose | 4330-34-1 | C22H24O6 |
|
| —— | D-glucose 6-phosphate barium salt | 58823-95-3 | Ba*C6H11O9P |
|
| —— | 1-deoxy-1-nitro-D-ido-hexitol | 96613-89-7 | C6H13NO7 |
|
| —— | 4-methylcoumarin-7-yl α-L-idopyranoside | 66901-41-5 | C16H18O8 |
|
| —— | 4-methylumbelliferyl tetra-N-acetyl-β-chitotetraoside | 53643-14-4 | C42H60N4O23 |
|
| —— | Iron(2+);2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate;hydrate | 6047-12-7 | C12H24FeO15 |
|
| —— | (2-Methoxycarbonyl-phenyl)-2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-desoxy-β-D-glucopyranosid | 6835-61-6 | C22H27NO11 |
|
| —— | L-rhamnose diethyl dithioacetal | 6748-70-5 | C10H22O4S2 |
|
| —— | (3R,6R)-hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3,6-diol | 641-74-7 | C6H10O4 |
|
| —— | p-nitrophenyl β-cellotrioside | 106927-48-4 | C24H35NO18 |
|
| —— | α-D-cellobiose octaacetate | 5346-90-7 | C28H38O19 |
|
| —— | allyl β-D-galactopyranoside | 2595-07-5 | C9H16O6 |
|
| —— | α-Cellobiose | 133-99-3 | C12H22O11 |
|
| —— | p-nitrophenyl 4-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-galactopyranosyl)-2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranoside | 84034-75-3 | C32H39NO20 |
|
| —— | Cellobiose | 133-99-3 | C12H22O11 |
|
| —— | α-lactose | 133-99-3 | C12H22O11 |
|
| —— | 4-O-β-D-Mannopyranosyl-D-mannose | 133-99-3 | C12H22O11 |
|
| —— | β-D-Glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-α-D-galactopyranose; Lycobiose | 133-99-3 | C12H22O11 |
|
| —— | cellobiose β-(1->4) | 133-99-3 | C12H22O11 |
|
| —— | 4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-D-galactose | 133-99-3 | C12H22O11 |
|
| —— | Epimaltose | 133-99-3 | C12H22O11 |
|
| —— | lactose | 133-99-3 | C12H22O11 |
|
| —— | Glucomannan | 133-99-3 | C12H22O11 |
|
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