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糖类化合物

糖类化合物是由碳、氢、氧三种元素组成的有机物,在化学结构上表现为多羟基醛酮及其衍生物的聚合物。这些物质广泛存在于植物界,是植物体的主要组成成分之一,在植物的生理和生化过程中发挥着重要作用。

根据其结构的不同,糖类可以分为单糖(如葡萄糖、果糖、半乳糖等)、双糖(如蔗糖、麦芽糖、乳糖等)以及多糖(如淀粉、肝糖元、肌糖元等)。单糖是最简单的碳水化合物,它们是不能进一步被水解的含有多个羟基的醛或酮,习惯上称为醛糖和酮糖。例如,葡萄糖是一种己醛糖,果糖则为己酮糖,核糖则是戊醛糖。一般而言,单糖中的碳原子数目不超过10个,在自然界中主要存在的单糖是5至6个碳原子的化合物。

双糖是由两个分子的单糖结合后脱去一分子水形成的;而多糖是由数百乃至数千个葡萄糖分子组成的聚合物。当多糖被彻底水解时,会生成数千个单糖分子。典型的例子包括淀粉和纤维素等。

糖类化合物与人类生活息息相关,是人体获取能量的主要来源之一。此外,它们在药物领域也扮演着重要角色,例如病人可能需要使用葡萄糖注射液或右旋糖酐进行血浆制剂,而某些中药中的糖类成分如茯苓次聚糖、猪苓多糖和香菇多糖具有抗癌活性。

糖是绿色植物光合作用的主要产物之一,并且是维持动植物生命活动所需能量的重要来源。此外,它们也是人类饮食中不可或缺的组成部分,在工业上更是扮演着重要角色,应用于建筑、造纸、制药及食品等多个领域。近年来,关于糖类化合物的研究呈现出两个主要方向:一是化学家致力于人工合成糖类化合物以长远考虑社会的发展需求;二是探索糖与生命过程之间的关系,揭示在生物体内糖与其他分子如蛋白质和核酸的相互作用机制。

随着科学技术的进步,人们对糖类化合物的认识也在不断深入。未来,这些研究有望为人类提供新的食品来源及药物开发方向。

下级分类

中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
—— 1,2,3,4-tetra-O-acetyl-6-O-trityl-β-D-glucopyranose 37074-90-1 C33H34O10
1,2,3,4-tetra-O-acetyl-6-O-trityl-β-D-glucopyranose
—— mannosan 14168-65-1 C6H10O5
mannosan
—— 4,6-O-benzylidene-1-O-methyl-α-D-glucopyranoside 3162-96-7 C14H18O6
4,6-O-benzylidene-1-O-methyl-α-D-glucopyranoside
—— anhydrotetracycline hydrochloride 13803-65-1 C22H22N2O7*ClH
anhydrotetracycline hydrochloride
—— carminic acid 1260-17-9 C22H20O13
carminic acid
—— 1,4-dithio-D,L-threitol 3483-12-3 C4H10O2S2
1,4-dithio-D,L-threitol
—— 1,4-dithio-erythritol 6892-68-8 C4H10O2S2
1,4-dithio-erythritol
—— N-glycolylneuraminic acid 1113-83-3 C11H19NO10
N-glycolylneuraminic acid
—— trehalose dihydrate 6138-23-4 C12H22O11*2H2O
trehalose dihydrate
—— L-ascorbic acid 1128-23-0 C6H10O6
L-ascorbic acid
—— Maltopentaose 34620-76-3 C30H52O26
Maltopentaose
—— N-acetyl-D-lactosamine 32181-59-2 C14H25NO11
N-acetyl-D-lactosamine
—— cellotetraose 38819-01-1 C24H42O21
cellotetraose
—— Glucose-1-phosphat 59-56-3 C6H13O9P
Glucose-1-phosphat
—— N-acetyl-D-mannosamine 7772-94-3 C8H15NO6
N-acetyl-D-mannosamine
—— meso-galactaric acid 526-99-8 C6H10O8
meso-galactaric acid
—— α-D-galactopyranosyl-(1<*>1)-α-D-galactopyranoside 99-20-7 C12H22O11
α-D-galactopyranosyl-(1<*>1)-α-D-galactopyranoside
—— α,β-Trehalose 99-20-7 C12H22O11
α,β-Trehalose
—— Gal(b1-1b)L-Gal 99-20-7 C12H22O11
Gal(b1-1b)L-Gal
—— 1-O-α-D-Galactosyl-α-D-galactosid 99-20-7 C12H22O11
1-O-α-D-Galactosyl-α-D-galactosid
—— tetra-acetyl glucosamine 26108-75-8 C14H21NO9
tetra-acetyl glucosamine
—— 4<sup>G</sup>-α-D-glucopyranosyl hesperidin 161713-86-6 C34H44O20
4<sup>G</sup>-α-D-glucopyranosyl hesperidin
—— 1-bromo-2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-D-galactopyranose 3068-32-4 C14H19BrO9
1-bromo-2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-D-galactopyranose
—— 1-thio-β-D-galactose sodium salt 42891-22-5 C6H11O5S*Na
1-thio-β-D-galactose sodium salt
—— sodium 1-thio-β-D-glucopyranoside 10593-29-0 C6H11O5S*Na
sodium 1-thio-β-D-glucopyranoside
—— 1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-D-glucofuranurono-6,3-lactone 20513-98-8 C9H12O6
1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-D-glucofuranurono-6,3-lactone
—— D-glucurono-3,6-lactone acetonide 20513-98-8 C9H12O6
D-glucurono-3,6-lactone acetonide
—— [3,4,5-triacetyloxy-6-(cyanomethylsulfanyl)oxan-2-yl]methyl Acetate 61145-33-3 C16H21NO9S
[3,4,5-triacetyloxy-6-(cyanomethylsulfanyl)oxan-2-yl]methyl Acetate
—— alpha-D-Glucopyranoside, 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-fructofuranosyl, tetraacetate 126-14-7 C28H38O19
alpha-D-Glucopyranoside, 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-fructofuranosyl, tetraacetate
—— N-[4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxyoxan-3-yl]acetamide 6082-04-8 C9H17NO6
N-[4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxyoxan-3-yl]acetamide
—— 2,3,5,6-Tetrahydroxy-4-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxyhexanal 25193-53-7 C18H32O16
2,3,5,6-Tetrahydroxy-4-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxyhexanal
—— 2-(hydroxymethyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-3,4-diol 21193-75-9 C6H10O4
2-(hydroxymethyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-3,4-diol
—— 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside 28541-83-5 C16H18O8
4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside
—— Uroxanthin 487-60-5 C14H17NO6
Uroxanthin
—— Isoamygdalin 29883-15-6 C20H27NO11
Isoamygdalin
—— (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(5,6-dichlorobenzimidazol-1-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol 53-85-0 C12H12Cl2N2O4
(2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(5,6-dichlorobenzimidazol-1-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol
—— [5-Acetamido-3,4-diacetyloxy-6-(4-chlorophenoxy)oxan-2-yl]methyl acetate 50729-97-0 C20H24ClNO9
[5-Acetamido-3,4-diacetyloxy-6-(4-chlorophenoxy)oxan-2-yl]methyl acetate
—— β-cyclodextrin 7585-39-9 C42H70O35
β-cyclodextrin
—— Hex(?1-3)[Hex(?1-6)]Hex(?1-3)Hex 9050-67-3 C24H42O21
Hex(?1-3)[Hex(?1-6)]Hex(?1-3)Hex
—— D-glucuronolactone 7330-12-3 C6H8O6
D-glucuronolactone
—— N-[2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]acetamide 50730-05-7 C14H18ClNO6
N-[2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]acetamide
—— Stachyose hydrate 470-55-3 C24H42O21
Stachyose hydrate
—— adenosine-5-monophosphate 61-19-8 C10H14N5O7P
adenosine-5-monophosphate
—— D-Glucose pentaacetate 3891-59-6 C16H22O11
D-Glucose pentaacetate
—— N-[4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-pentoxy-3-oxanyl]acetamide 94483-64-4 C13H25NO6
N-[4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-pentoxy-3-oxanyl]acetamide
—— 6-[3,4,5-Trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyhexane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol 850347-32-9 C12H24O11
6-[3,4,5-Trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyhexane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol
—— 4-[3,4-Dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroxyhexanal 1109-28-0 C18H32O16
4-[3,4-Dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroxyhexanal
—— D-Fructose, 3-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl- 547-25-1 C12H22O11
D-Fructose, 3-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-
—— Aicar 37642-57-2 C9H14N4O5
Aicar
—— (3S,4R,5R)-1,3,4,5-Tetrahydroxy-6-(((2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)hexan-2-one 13718-94-0 C12H22O11
(3S,4R,5R)-1,3,4,5-Tetrahydroxy-6-(((2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)hexan-2-one