寡糖
寡糖又称为低聚糖，是由2至10个相同或不同的单糖单位通过糖苷键连接起来形成的直链或含分支链的糖类化合物。尽管寡糖和单糖在物理及化学性质上相似，它们都易溶于水，并且很多低聚糖具有甜味，可被费林溶液氧化；不同之处在于它们在水解后能产生十个以下的单糖分子。
根据单糖单位的数量，寡糖可分为双糖、三糖、四糖和五糖等。构成寡糖的单糖可以相同也可以不同，与一般的糖苷不同的是，它们的配基也是糖。例如，蔗糖为典型的双糖，棉子糖为三糖，水苏糖为四糖，毛蕊花糖为五糖。
寡糖易溶于水或其他极性溶剂，并且分为还原性和非还原性两类，在生物体内从单糖逐步合成或由多糖降解产生。在植物细胞壁中的结构多糖，在病原体入侵时会分解成为具有生物活性的碎片，被称为寡糖素（oligosaccharin），对植物起保护和调节作用。
最常见的三糖是棉子糖，广泛存在于甜菜和棉籽中。制造蔗糖过程中产生的糖浆是提取棉子糖的良好原料。棉子糖水解后会得到半乳糖、葡萄糖及果糖各一分子。棉子糖是非还原性糖，其分子内的葡萄糖与果糖通过半缩醛羟基相连，而半乳糖则与葡萄糖之间形成1,6-糖苷键，结合顺序如下：半乳糖–(1->6)–葡萄糖–(1->2)–果糖。
水苏糖是自然界中重要的四糖之一，在棉子糖分子中通过6→1糖苷键在半乳糖的基础上连接一个半乳糖形成。类似地，还可以依次添加α-D-半乳糖生成五糖、六糖和七糖等同系物。这些水苏糖及其同系物都是植物的抗冻物质。
| 中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 | 结构式图片 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 龙胆三糖 | theanderose | 25954-44-3 | C18H32O16 |
|
| 麦芽四糖 | Maltotetraose | 34612-38-9 | C24H42O21 |
|
| 麦芽六糖 | malto-hexaose | 34620-77-4 | C36H62O31 |
|
| 麦芽五糖 | maltopentaose | 34620-76-3 | C30H52O26 |
|
| 麦芽三糖 | D-maltotriose | 1109-28-0 | C18H32O16 |
|
| 麦芽七糖 | malto-heptaose | 34620-78-5 | C42H72O36 |
|
| 路易斯 A 三糖 | 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-(α-L-fucopyranosyl)-3-O-(β-D-galactopyranosyl)-D-glucose | 56570-03-7 | C20H35NO15 |
|
| 蔗果四糖 | nystose | 13133-07-8 | C24H42O21 |
|
| 蔗果三糖 | 1-kestose | 470-69-9 | C18H32O16 |
|
| 纤维六糖 | cello-hexaose | 2478-35-5 | C36H62O31 |
|
| 磺达肝癸钠 | fondaparinux | 104993-28-4 | C31H53N3O49S8 |
|
| 硫酸阿布拉霉素 | apramycin sulfate | 65710-07-8 | C21H41N5O11*H2O4S |
|
| 硫代纤维二糖 | D-Glucose, 4-S-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-4-thio- | 80951-92-4 | C12H22O10S |
|
| 甘露寡糖 | N-[2-(5-acetamido-1,2,4-trihydroxy-6-oxohexan-3-yl)oxy-5-[3,5-dihydroxy-4-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]acetamide | 70858-45-6 | C34H58N2O26 |
|
| 潘糖 | panose | 33401-87-5 | C18H32O16 |
|
| 海藻糖 | TREHALOSE | 99-20-7 | C12H22O11 |
|
| 正辛基-Β-D-麦芽糖苷 | Octyl β-D-maltoside | 82494-08-4 | C20H38O11 |
|
| 正辛基-Β-D-乳糖苷 | octyl β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-β-D-glucopyranoside | 74513-17-0 | C20H38O11 |
|
| 木二糖 | 4-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-D-xylose | 6860-47-5 | C10H18O9 |
|
| 异麦芽三糖 | isomaltotriose | 3371-50-4 | C18H32O16 |
|
| 庆大霉素C1五乙酸酯盐 | gentamicin C1 | 25876-10-2 | C21H43N5O7 |
|
| 对硝基苯基麦芽五糖 | p‐nitrophenyl‐α‐D-maltopentoglycoside | 66068-38-0 | C36H55NO28 |
|
| 对硝基苯基-b-D-昆布二糖苷 | 4-nitrophenyl β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-β-D-glucopyranoside | 26255-70-9 | C18H25NO13 |
|
| 四乙酰壳四糖 | N-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2-[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-acetamido-3,4-bis[[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy]-1-hydroxy-6-oxohexan-2-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]acetamide | 2706-65-2 | C32H54N4O21 |
|
| 唾液糖肽 | Sialylglycopeptide | 189035-43-6 | C112H187N15Na2O70 |
|
| 双唾液酸神经节苷酯GD1A | Ganglioside GD1 | 12707-58-3 | C86H150N4Na2O39 |
|
| 卡那霉素B硫酸盐 | kanamycin B sulfate | 29701-07-3 | C18H37N5O10*H2O4S |
|
| 单-2-O-(对甲苯磺酰)-β-环糊精 | mono-2-(p-tolylsulfonyl)-β-cyclodextrin | 84216-71-7 | C49H76O37S |
|
| 半乳聚糖 | 2-[6-[4,5-Dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methoxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methoxyoxane-3,4-diol | 39300-87-3 | C20H36O16 |
|
| 半乳糖醛酸 | <i>O</i><sup>4</sup>-[(5<i>S</i>)-5-carboxy-<i>O</i><sup>4</sup>-((5<i>S</i>)-5-carboxy-β-L-arabinopyranosyl)-β-L-arabinopyranosyl]-D-galacturonic acid | 6037-45-2 | C18H26O19 |
|
| 六-O-乙酰基-呋喃葡烯糖-5-半乳糖甘 | [4-acetyloxy-3-[3,4,5-triacetyloxy-6-(acetyloxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]methyl acetate | 51450-24-9 | C24H32O15 |
|
| 低聚九糖,气液色谱法4XYL3GAL2 | Nonasaccharide Glc4Xyl3Gal2 | 129865-06-1 | C51H86O43 |
|
| 二甲基环糊精 | heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)cyclomaltoheptaose | 51166-71-3 | C56H98O35 |
|
| 七糖,气液色谱法4XYL3 | Xyloglucan Heptasaccharide | 121591-98-8 | C39H66O33 |
|
| а1,2-单甘露醇,а甲基糖苷 | methyl 2-O-α-D-mannopyranosyl-α-D-mannopyranoside | 59571-75-4 | C13H24O11 |
|
| γ-环糊精 | cyclomaltooctaose | 17465-86-0 | C48H80O40 |
|
| β-乙酰地高辛 | beta-Acetyldigoxin | 5355-48-6 | C43H66O15 |
|
| α-环糊精 | alpha cyclodextrin | 10016-20-3 | C36H60O30 |
|
| α-乙酰基地高辛 | 3'''-acetyldigoxin | 5511-98-8 | C43H66O15 |
|
| beta-D-半乳糖基-(1→3)-N-乙酰基-D-半乳糖胺 | 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-D-galactose | 3554-90-3 | C14H25NO11 |
|
| P-硝基苯基 B-D-纤维四糖苷 | 4-nitrophenyl β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-cellobioside | 129411-62-7 | C30H45NO23 |
|
| N-乙酰胞壁酸 | (2R)-2-{[(2R,3R,4R,5R)-2-acetamido-4,5,6-trihydroxy-1-oxohexan-3-yl]oxy}propanoic acid | 10597-89-4 | C11H19NO8 |
|
| N-乙酰-D-乳糖胺 | N-acetyllactosamine | 32181-59-2 | C14H25NO11 |
|
| N,N’,N’’-三乙酰壳三糖 | N,N'-diacetylchitotriose | 38864-21-0 | C24H41N3O16 |
|
| N,N’,N,N’’’,N’’’’,N’’’’’-六乙酰壳六糖 | hexa-N-acetylchitohexaose | 38854-46-5 | C48H80N6O31 |
|
| D-甘露(型)庚酮糖 | DL-<i>manno</i>-[2]Heptulose | 3615-44-9 | C7H14O7 |
|
| D-水苏糖 | stachyose | 470-55-3 | C24H42O21 |
|
| D-(+)-纤维三糖 | cellotriose | 33404-34-1 | C18H32O16 |
|
| D(+)松三糖,水合 | Melezitose dihydrate | 10030-67-8 | C18H36O18 |
|
| D(+)-海藻糖二水合物 | Trehalose dihydrate | 6138-23-4 | C12H26O13 |
|
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