Cytochrome p450 isozyme 3a, isolated from hepatic microsomes of rabbits treated chronically with ethyl alcohol, had a unique substrate specificity when compared with isozymes 2, 3b, 3c, and 4. Form 3a has unusually high activity in the p-hydroxylation of aniline and in the oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes. Isozyme 3a catalyzes the oxidation of methyl alcohol, propyl alcohol, and butanol as well as ethyl alcohol.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
代谢
正丁醇可以通过血液中丁酸乙酯的水解形成,但会迅速被氧化。
n-Butyl Alcohol may be formed by hydrolysis of butyl acetate in the blood, but is rapidly oxidized.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
代谢
BA很容易通过皮肤、肠道和肺部吸收,并在代谢后主要通过醇脱氢酶和醛脱氢酶消除。
BA is readily absorbed through the skin, intestinal tract, and lungs and is eliminated after metabolism primarily by alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases. ...
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
代谢
在大鼠中,正丁醇被广泛代谢;在单次口服剂量后的24小时内,83%已被转化为二氧化碳。
In rats, n-butanol is extensively metabolized; within 24 hr of a single oral dose, 83% had been converted to carbon dioxide.
IDENTIFICATION: n-Butyl Alcohol (BA) is an aliphatic alcohol with a rancid sweet odor, that is liquid at room temperature. n-Butyl Alcohol has numerous applications in the plastics and textile sector. It is ofen used as an industrial intermediate, converted into derivatives including butyl acetate and other butyl esters, which serve as solvents or monomer components in the production of artificial leather, textiles, safety glass, rubber cement, shellac, raincoats, photographic films, or perfumes. n-Butyl Alcohol can also be used directly as a solvent for paints, lacquers and varnishes, natural and synthetic resins, gums, vegetable oils, dyes and alkaloids. It is historically used as a solvent in nail care cosmetic products, and is also being used at low concentrations in eye makeup, personal hygiene, and shaving cosmetic products. n-Butyl Alcohol has been generally recognized as safe for use as a flavoring substance in food and appears on the 1982 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) list of inactive ingredients for approved prescription drug products. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Human exposure to n-butyl alcohol may occur in the workplace during manufacture and industrial/commercial use, and during consumer use of products containing n-butyl alcohol. Workers complained of ocular irritation, disagreeable odor, slight headache and vertigo, slight irritation of nose and throat, and dermatitis of the fingers and hands when the air concentration of n-Butyl Alcohol was greater than 50 ppm. Short term inhalation of n-butanol also produces a variety of CNS effects, including giddiness, ataxia, confusion, delirium, and possible coma. In high concentration in the air it can cause transient mild edema of conjunctiva of the eye, and a slightly reduced erythrocyte count. Inhalation toxicity studies in humans demonstrate sensory irritation of the upper respiratory tract, but only at levels above 3000 mg/cu m. n-Butyl Alcohol ingestion may result in vomiting, abdominal pain, headache, drowsiness and unconsciousness. Nail enamel containing 3% n-Butyl Alcohol resulted in no reactions. ANIMAL STUDIES: Animal studies demonstrate intoxication, restlessness, ataxia, prostration, and narcosis with exposure to n-butyl alcohol. High concentrations of n-Butyl Alcohol vapors can be fatal. Ocular irritation was observed for n-Butyl alcohol at 0.005 mL of a 40% solution. The behavioral no-effect dose for n-Butyl Alcohol injected subcutaneously (s.c.) was 120 mg/kg. Fetotoxicity has been demonstrated, but only at maternally toxic levels (1000 mg/kg). No significant behavioral or neurochemical effects were seen in offspring following either maternal or paternal exposure to 3000 or 6000 ppm. n-Butyl Alcohol was not mutagenic in the Ames tests and did not have any chromosome-damaging effects in a mouse micronucleus test. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: BA exhibits low toxicity to fish, amphibians and aquatic invertebrates, plants, algae, bacteria and protozoans. However, some algal species are sensitive to BA. Acute toxicity to aquatic life may occur at concentrations greater than 500 mg/L.
CLASSIFICATION: D; not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Based on no human and no animal cancer data. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
暴露途径
该物质可以通过吸入其蒸汽和摄入进入人体。
The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour and by ingestion.
来源:ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
Twelve subjects were exposed to 300 or 600 mg/cu M of n-butyl alcohol in inspired air during rest and during exercise on a bicycle ergometer. Exposure lasted 2 hr. The results were puzzling in view of the high blood/air partition coefficient for butyl alcohol. The arterial blood concentration was low. The concentration in the last part of the expired air, i.e., the ""alveolar'' concentration, was low. The quotient of ""alveolar'' concentration X 100/inspired concentration was low in relation to the low percentage uptake. However the high solubility of butyl alcohol in water may explain the results. Butyl alcohol was probably partially taken up in the water of the dead space mucous membranes during inspiration. It was then partially released from the membranes. Therefore the concentration of butyl alcohol in the last part of expiration was probably not the same as the concentration in the alveolar air.
Volunteers exposed to n-butanol for 2 hr at air concn of 100 and 200 ppm developed blood concn that never exceeded 1.0 mg/L, whether at rest or during excercise. Exposure to an air concn of 50 ppm for 2 hr resulted in blood levels less than 0.08 mg/l.
In rats, n-butanol is extensively metabolized; within 24 hr of a single oral dose, 83% had been converted to carbon dioxide, 4% excreted in the urine and 12% remained in the body.
1.周国泰,化学危险品安全技术全书,化学工业出版社,1997 2.国家环保局有毒化学品管理办公室、北京化工研究院合编,化学品毒性法规环境数据手册,中国环境科学出版社.1992 3.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety,CHEMINFO Database.1998 4.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, RTECS Database, 1989
近年来,依赖水作为反应介质的方法引起了相当多的关注。胶束溶液的独特性质被证明可以提高不同转化的区域选择性、立体选择性和化学选择性。在此,我们证明水环境是涉及自由基物质的可见光驱动的钴催化反应的合适介质。在该系统中,还原的维生素 B 12与卤代烷反应,产生自由基,该自由基被 Stern 层中存在的亲脂性烯烃捕获。一系列核磁共振测量和理论研究揭示了胶束系统中反应组分的位置。
One-pot synthesis of carbamates and thiocarbamates from Boc-protected amines
作者:Hee-Kwon Kim、Anna Lee
DOI:10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.09.038
日期:2016.11
A highly efficient one-pot procedure for the synthesis of carbamates and thiocarbamates has been described. In the presence of 2-chloropyridine and trifluoromethanesulfonyl anhydride, the isocyanate intermediates were generated in situ for further reactions with alcohols and thiols to afford the desired carbamates and thiocarbamates in high yields.
Cobalt(II)-Catalyzed Isocyanide Insertion Reaction with Sulfonyl Azides in Alcohols: Synthesis of Sulfonyl Isoureas
作者:Tian Jiang、Zheng-Yang Gu、Ling Yin、Shun-Yi Wang、Shun-Jun Ji
DOI:10.1021/acs.joc.7b01127
日期:2017.8.4
A Co(II)-catalyzed isocyanide insertion reaction with sulfonyl azides in alcohols to form sulfonyl isoureas via nitrene intermediate has been developed. This protocol provides a new, environmentally friendly, and simple strategy for the synthesis of sulfonyl isoureaderivatives by employing a range of substrates under mild conditions.
The O-methylation of alcohols and phenols with stoichiometric amounts of dimethyl sulfate in 1,4-dioxan or triglyme in the presence of solid potassium hydroxide and small amounts of water represents a useful method for the synthesis of methylethers in high yields and with high selectivity. The complete consumption of dimethyl sulfate in this reaction avoids the problems connected with the work-up of reaction mixtures still containing excess amounts of this toxic reagent.
Homogeneous Catalytic Hydrogenation of Amides to Amines
作者:Jacorien Coetzee、Deborah L. Dodds、Jürgen Klankermayer、Sandra Brosinski、Walter Leitner、Alexandra M. Z. Slawin、David J. Cole-Hamilton
DOI:10.1002/chem.201204270
日期:2013.8.12
Hydrogenation of amides in the presence of [Ru(acac)3] (acacH=2,4‐pentanedione), triphos [1,1,1‐tris‐ (diphenylphosphinomethyl)ethane] and methanesulfonic acid (MSA) produces secondary and tertiary amines with selectivities as high as 93 % provided that there is at least one aromatic ring on N. The system is also active for the synthesis of primary amines. In an attempt to probe the role of MSA and
在[Ru(acac)3 ](acacH = 2,4-戊二酮),三[[1,1,1-三(二苯基膦甲基)乙烷]]和甲磺酸(MSA)的存在下进行酰胺加氢生成仲胺和叔胺如果在N上至少有一个芳环,则其选择性高达93%。该系统对伯胺的合成也具有活性。为了探索MSA的作用和反应机理,已经从[Ru(acac)3 ],三醇和MSA或[RuX(OAc)(triphos)]的反应中制备了一系列甲磺酸钠络合物。 (X = H或OAc)或[RuH 2(CO)(triphos )]与MSA。晶体学表征复合物包括:[茹(OAC-κ 1 O)2(H 2O)(triphos)],[Ru(OAc‐κ 2 O,O')(CH 3 SO 3 ‐κ 1 O)(triphos )],[Ru(CH 3 SO 3‐ κ 1 O)2(H 2 O)(三膦)]和[孺2(μ-CH 3 SO 3)3(三磷酸)2 ] [CH 3 SO 3 ],而其他复合物,例如[茹(OAC-κ