Candesartan cilexetil is rapidly and completely bioactivated by ester hydrolysis during absorption from the gastrointestinal tract to candesartan, a selective AT1 subtype angiotensin II receptor antagonist. Candesartan is mainly excreted unchanged in urine and feces (via bile). It undergoes minor hepatic metabolism by O-deethylation to an inactive metabolite.
Candesartan has known human metabolites that include (2S,3S,4S,5R)-6-[2-Ethoxy-3-[[4-[2-(2H-tetrazol-5-yl)phenyl]phenyl]methyl]benzimidazole-4-carbonyl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid and 3-[[4-[2-[2-[(3R,4S,5S,6S)-6-carboxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]tetrazol-5-yl]phenyl]phenyl]methyl]-2-ethoxy-1H-benzimidazol-3-ium-4-carboxylic acid.
来源:NORMAN Suspect List Exchange
毒理性
毒性总结
识别和使用:坎地沙坦是一种白色至类白色粉末,制成口服片剂。坎地沙坦是血管紧张素II型1(AT1)受体的拮抗剂。它单独使用或与其他类别的抗高血压药物联合使用,用于成人及1至小于17岁儿童的血压管理。它还用于治疗成人心力衰竭,以减少心血管死亡和心力衰竭住院治疗。人类暴露和毒性:坎地沙坦过量的最可能表现包括低血压、眩晕和心动过速;由于副交感(迷走神经)刺激,可能会出现心动过缓。虽然坎地沙坦可用于高血压儿童,但不推荐用于1岁以下儿童,因为直接作用于肾素-血管紧张素系统(RAS)的药物可能会对未成熟肾脏的发育产生影响。坎地沙坦在妊娠期间的使用也是禁忌的。尽管在第一季度使用并不表明有主要畸形的危险,但在第二和第三季度使用可能会导致胎儿畸形和严重的胎儿和新生儿毒性。胎儿毒性效应可能包括无尿、羊水过少、胎儿颅骨发育不良、宫内生长受限、早产和动脉导管未闭。死产或新生儿死亡可能会发生。与无尿相关的羊水过少可能会导致胎儿肢体挛缩、颅面部畸形和肺发育不良。在子宫内接触坎地沙坦后,新生儿可能会出现严重的无尿和低血压,对压力剂和容量扩张均无反应。动物研究:当坎地沙坦口服给予小鼠时,没有发现致癌性的证据。同样,雄性和雌性大鼠的生育能力也未受到坎地沙坦的影响。当坎地沙坦口服给予怀孕小鼠,剂量高达1000 mg/kg时,未观察到母体毒性或对胎儿发育的负面影响。然而,给予大鼠的剂量低至10 mg/kg/天,与后代存活率降低和肾积水发生率增加有关。给予怀孕兔子的坎地沙坦口服剂量为3 mg/kg/天,引起了母体毒性(体重减轻和死亡),但对胎儿存活、胎儿体重或外部、内脏或骨骼发育没有不利影响。坎地沙坦及其O-脱乙基代谢物在体外中国仓鼠肺(CHL)染色体畸变试验中呈基因毒性阳性。两种化合物在 Ames 微生物突变试验或体外小鼠淋巴瘤细胞试验中均未呈阳性。坎地沙坦(而不是其O-脱乙基代谢物)还在小鼠微核试验中进行了体内评估,在中国仓鼠卵巢(CHO)基因突变试验中进行了体外评估,在这两种情况下结果均为阴性。坎地沙坦西列昔在 Ames 测试、体外小鼠淋巴瘤细胞和大鼠肝细胞非程序性 DNA 合成试验以及体内小鼠微核试验中进行了评估,每种情况下结果均为阴性。
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Candesartan is a white to off white powder that is formulated into oral tablets. Candesartan is an angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist. It is used alone or in combination with other classes of antihypertensive agents in the management of hypertension in adults and children from 1 to less than 17 years of age. It is also used for the treatment of heart failure in adults with left ventricular systolic dysfunction to reduce cardiovascular death and heart failure hospitalizations. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: The most likely manifestations of candesartan overdose include hypotension, dizziness, and tachycardia; bradycardia could occur from parasympathetic (vagal) stimulation. While candesartan can be used in hypertensive children, it is not approved for use in children less one 1 year of age as drugs that act directly on the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) can have effects on the development of immature kidneys. The use of candesartan is also contraindicated during pregnancy. While use during the first trimester does not suggest a risk of major anomalies, use during the second and third trimester may cause teratogenicity and severe fetal and neonatal toxicity. Fetal toxic effects may include anuria, oligohydramnios, fetal hypocalvaria, intrauterine growth restriction, premature birth and patent ductus arteriosus. Stillbirth or neonatal death may occur. Anuria-associated oligohydramnios may produce fetal limb contractures, craniofacial deformation, and pulmonary hypoplasia. Severe anuria and hypotension, resistant to both pressor agents and volume expansion, may occur in the newborn following in utero exposure to candesartan. ANIMAL STUDIES: There was no evidence of carcinogenicity when candesartan was orally administered to mice. Also, the fertility of male and female rats was unaffected by administration of candesartan. No maternal toxicity or adverse effects on fetal development were observed when candesartan was administered to pregnant mice at oral doses up to 1000 mg/kg. However, doses as low as 10 mg/kg/day administered to rats were associated with reduced survival and an increased incidence of hydronephrosis in the offspring. Candesartan given to pregnant rabbits at an oral dose of 3 mg/kg/day caused maternal toxicity (decreased body weight and death) but had no adverse effects on fetal survival, fetal weight, or external, visceral, or skeletal development. Candesartan and its O-deethyl metabolite tested positive for genotoxicity in the in vitro Chinese hamster lung (CHL) chromosomal aberration assay. Neither compound tested positive in the Ames microbial mutagenesis assay or the in vitro mouse lymphoma cell assay. Candesartan (but not its O-deethyl metabolite) was also evaluated in vivo in the mouse micronucleus test and in vitro in the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) gene mutation assay, in both cases with negative results. Candesartan cilexetil was evaluated in the Ames test, the in vitro mouse lymphoma cell and rat hepatocyte unscheduled DNA synthesis assays and the in vivo mouse micronucleus test, in each case with negative results.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
肝毒性
坎地沙坦与血清转氨酶升高的低发生率有关(
Candesartan has been associated with a low rate of serum aminotransferase elevations (
The volume of distribution of candesartan is 0.13 L/kg. Candesartan is highly bound to plasma proteins (>99%) and does not penetrate red blood cells. The protein binding is constant at candesartan plasma concentrations well above the range achieved with recommended doses. In rats, it has been demonstrated that candesartan crosses the blood-brain barrier poorly, if at all. It has also been demonstrated in rats that candesartan passes across the placental barrier and is distributed in the fetus.
Following administration of candesartan cilexetil, the absolute bioavailability of candesartan was estimated to be 15%. After tablet ingestion, the peak serum concentration (Cmax) is reached after 3 to 4 hours. Food with a high fat content does not affect the bioavailability of candesartan after candesartan cilexetil administration.
Total plasma clearance of candesartan is 0.37 mL/min/kg, with a renal clearance of 0.19 mL/min/kg. When candesartan is administered orally, about 26% of the dose is excreted unchanged in urine. Following an oral dose of (14)C-labeled candesartan cilexetil, approximately 33% of radioactivity is recovered in urine and approximately 67% in feces. Following an intravenous dose of (14)C-labeled candesartan, approximately 59% of radioactivity is recovered in urine and approximately 36% in feces. Biliary excretion contributes to the elimination of candesartan.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
坎地沙坦是否会在人类乳汁中排泄尚不清楚,但已经证实坎地沙坦存在于大鼠乳汁中。
It is not known whether candesartan is excreted in human milk, but candesartan has been shown to be present in rat milk.
DISUBSTITUTED TRIFLUOROMETHYL PYRIMIDINONES AND THEIR USE
申请人:BAYER PHARMA AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT
公开号:US20160221965A1
公开(公告)日:2016-08-04
The present application relates to novel 2,5-disubstituted 6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-4(3H)-one derivatives, to processes for their preparation, to their use alone or in combinations for the treatment and/or prevention of diseases, and to their use for preparing medicaments for the treatment and/or prevention of diseases, in particular for treatment and/or prevention of cardiovascular, renal, inflammatory and fibrotic diseases.
Late-stage azolation of benzylic C‒H bonds enabled by electrooxidation
作者:Zhixiong Ruan、Zhixing Huang、Zhongnan Xu、Shaogao Zeng、Pengju Feng、Ping-Hua Sun
DOI:10.1007/s11426-020-9938-9
日期:2021.5
The installation of azoles via C-H/N-H cross-coupling is significantly underdeveloped, particularly in benzylic C-H azolation due to the requirement for external chemical oxidants and the challenge in controlling the site- and chemo-selectivity. Herein, a late-stage azolation of benzylic C-H bonds enabled by electrooxidation is described, which proceeds in an undivided cell under mild, catalyst- and
[EN] SULFONYL COMPOUNDS THAT INTERACT WITH GLUCOKINASE REGULATORY PROTEIN<br/>[FR] COMPOSÉS DE SULFONYLE QUI INTERAGISSENT AVEC LA PROTÉINE RÉGULATRICE DE LA GLUCOKINASE
申请人:AMGEN INC
公开号:WO2013123444A1
公开(公告)日:2013-08-22
The present invention relates to sulfonyl compounds that interact with glucokinase regulatory protein. In addition, the present invention relates to methods of treating type 2 diabetes, and other diseases and/or conditions where glucokinase regulatory protein is involved using the compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and pharmaceutical compositions that contain the compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
[EN] HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS FOR THE TREATMENT OF STRESS-RELATED CONDITIONS<br/>[FR] COMPOSÉS HÉTÉROCYCLIQUES POUR LE TRAITEMENT D'ÉTATS LIÉS AU STRESS
申请人:OTSUKA PHARMA CO LTD
公开号:WO2010137738A1
公开(公告)日:2010-12-02
The present invention provides a novel heterocyclic compound. A heterocyclic compound represented by general formula (1) wherein, R1 and R2, each independently represent hydrogen; a phenyl lower alkyl group that may have a substituent(s) selected from the group consisting of a lower alkyl group and the like on a benzene ring and/or a lower alkyl group; or a cyclo C3-C8 alkyl lower alkyl group; or the like; R3 represents a lower alkynyl group or the like; R4 represents a phenyl group that may have a substituent(s) selected from the group consisting of a 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl group that may have e.g., halogen or a heterocyclic group selected from pyridyl group and the like; the heterocyclic group may have at least one substituent(s) selected from a lower alkoxy group and the like or a salt thereof.
Dibenzyl amine compounds and derivatives, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds and the use of such compounds to elevate certain plasma lipid levels, including high density lipoprotein-cholesterol and to lower certain other plasma lipid levels, such as LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides and accordingly to treat diseases which are exacerbated by low levels of HDL cholesterol and/or high levels of LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides, such as atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases in some mammals, including humans.