正二十四烷 | 646-31-1

• 物质功能分类: 有机原料 - 烃类化合物及其衍生物 - 无环烃
• 分子结构分类: 有机化合物 - 碳氢化合物 - 饱和烃
• 中文名称: 正二十四烷
• 中文别名: 二十四烷
• 英文名称: tetracosane
• 英文别名: n-tetracosane；tetracosan；n-tetracosan
• CAS: 646-31-1
• 化学式: C₂₄H₅₀
• mdl: MFCD00009352
• 分子量: 338.661
• InChiKey: POOSGDOYLQNASK-UHFFFAOYSA-N

物化性质

• 熔点：
  49-52 °C(lit.)
• 沸点：
  391 °C(lit.)
• 密度：
  0.7991
• 闪点：
  >230 °F
• 溶解度：
  在氯仿的溶解度为为10%，澄清，无色
• LogP：
  13.508 (est)
• 物理描述：
  N-tetracosane is a crystalline waxy solid. Insoluble in water. Used in organic synthesis.
• 颜色/状态：
  Crystals
• 蒸汽压力：
  4.07X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C (extrapolated)
• 稳定性/保质期：
  - 远离氧化物。 - 存在于烤烟烟叶、烟气中。
• 保留指数：
  2400

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  12.6
• 重原子数：
  24
• 可旋转键数：
  21
• 环数：
  0.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  1.0
• 拓扑面积：
  0
• 氢给体数：
  0
• 氢受体数：
  0

ADMET

毒理性

• 毒性总结

识别和使用：二十烷是一种含有24个碳原子（C24）的固体直链烷烃。固体直链烷烃（石蜡）在多种应用中使用：作为裂解制取汽油调和原料的进料，用于氧化和氯化反应。人类暴露和毒性：无数据可用。动物研究：在所有牛组织样本中发现了从n-C12到n-C31的一系列同系直链烷烃。

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Tetracosane is a solid n-alkane containing 24 carbon atoms (C24). Solid n-alkanes (paraffin waxes) are used in a variety of applications: as feeds for cracking them to gasoline blendstock materials, oxidation, and chlorination reactions. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: There are no data available. ANIMAL STUDIES: A homologous series of n-alkanes ranging from n-C12-n-C31 was found in all samples of bovine tissues.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 解毒与急救

/SRP:/ 立即急救：确保已经进行了充分的中毒物清除。如果患者停止呼吸，开始人工呼吸，最好使用需求阀复苏器、袋阀面罩装置或口袋面罩，按训练操作。如有必要，执行心肺复苏。立即用缓慢流动的水冲洗受污染的眼睛。不要催吐。如果发生呕吐，让患者前倾或置于左侧（如果可能的话，头部向下）以保持呼吸道畅通，防止吸入。保持患者安静，维持正常体温。寻求医疗帮助。 /脂肪烃及其相关化合物/

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 解毒与急救

/SRP:/ 基本治疗：建立专利气道（如有需要，使用口咽或鼻咽气道）。如有必要，进行吸痰。观察呼吸不足的迹象，如有必要，协助通气。通过非循环呼吸面罩以10至15升/分钟的速度给予氧气。监测肺水肿，如有必要进行治疗……。预见并治疗癫痫发作……。对于眼睛污染，立即用水冲洗眼睛。在运输过程中，用0.9%的生理盐水（NS）连续冲洗每只眼睛……。不要使用催吐剂。对于摄入，如果患者能够吞咽、有强烈的干呕反射且不流口水，则用水冲洗口腔，并给予5毫升/千克，最多200毫升的水进行稀释。给予活性炭……。用快速复温技术治疗冻伤……。/脂肪烃及其相关化合物/

/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Treat frostbite with rapid rewarming techniques ... ./Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 解毒与急救

/SRP:/ 高级治疗：对于无意识、严重肺水肿或严重呼吸困难的病人，考虑进行口咽或鼻咽气管插管以控制气道。使用气囊阀面罩装置的正压通气技术可能有益。考虑使用药物治疗肺水肿……监测心率和必要时治疗心律失常……开始静脉输注D5W /SRP: "保持开放"，最小流量/。如果出现低血容量的迹象，使用0.9%生理盐水（NS）或乳酸钠林格液（LR）。对于伴有低血容量迹象的低血压，谨慎给予液体。注意液体过载的迹象……用地西泮（安定）或劳拉西泮（安定）治疗癫痫……使用丙美卡因氢氯化物协助眼部冲洗……/脂肪烃及其相关化合物/

/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 解毒与急救

紧急和支持性措施。1. 一般措施。为所有有症状的患者提供基本支持性护理。保持呼吸道通畅，必要时协助通气。给予补充氧气。监测动脉血气或血氧饱和度、胸部放射线和心电图，并将有症状的患者收入重症监护病房。在有明显烃类中毒的患者中使用肾上腺素和其他β-肾上腺素能药物时要小心，因为可能会引起心律失常。2. 肺吸入。经过4-6小时观察后仍然完全无症状的患者可以出院。相反，如果患者在到达时咳嗽，则可能已经发生了吸入。如果出现支气管痉挛和低氧血症，给予补充氧气并治疗。不要使用类固醇或预防性抗生素。3. 吞入。在绝大多数儿童意外吞入的情况下，实际吞入的量少于5-10毫升，系统性中毒是罕见的。治疗主要是支持性的。注射。对于注射到指尖或手部的情况，尤其是涉及高压喷枪的情况，应立即咨询整形外科或手外科医生，因为通常需要迅速广泛地暴露、冲洗和清创。/烃类/

Emergency and supportive measures. 1. General. Provide basic supportive care for all symptomatic patients. Maintain an open airway and assist ventilation if necessary. Administer supplemental oxygen. Monitor arterial blood gases or oximetry, chest radiographs, and ECG and admit symptomatic patients to an intensive care setting. Use epinephrine and other beta-adrenergic medications with caution in patients with significant hydrocarbon intoxication because arrhythmias may be induced. 2. Pulmonary aspiration. Patients who remain completely asymptomatic after 4-6 hours of observation may be discharged. In contrast, if the patient is coughing on arrival, aspiration probably has occurred. Administer supplemental oxygen and treat bronchospasm and hypoxia if they occur. Do not use steroids or prophylactic antibiotics. 3. Ingestion. In the vast majority of accidental childhood ingestions, less than 5-10 mL is actually swallowed and systemic toxicity is rare. Treatment is primarily supportive. Injection. For injections into the fingertip or hand, especially those involving a high-pressure paint gun, consult with a plastic or hand surgeon immediately, as prompt wide exposure, irrigation, and debridement are often required. /Hydrocarbons/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

从阿拉伯湾沿岸密集覆盖油沉积物的蓝绿色垫层中分离出的尼古丁节杆菌 KCC B35 菌株能够很好地以C10至C40的正构烷作为唯一的碳源和能源生长。在C20至C40的正构烷上的生长甚至比在C10至C18的正构烷上还要好。将生物质样品与正二十八烷（C28）或正二十九烷（C29）孵化6小时后，这些化合物作为细胞烃组分的主要组成烷烃积累。在C28和C29孵化细胞中，偶链十六烷C16和奇链十五烷C15是第二主要的组成烷烃。与未用烃类孵化的对照细胞相比，用正十六烷孵化的细胞在其脂质中积累了更高比例的C16-脂肪酸。另一方面，C28和C29孵化的细胞不含有相应链长的脂肪酸，但细胞脂质的脂肪酸模式表明，这些非常长链烷烃的中链氧化确实发生了。这种活性使尼古丁节杆菌 KCC B35 有资格被用于生物修复受重油沉积物污染的环境的混合菌剂中。

Arthrobacter nicotianae KCC B35 isolated from blue-green mats densely covering oil sediments along the Arabian Gulf coast grew well on C10 to C40 n-alkanes as sole sources of carbon and energy. Growth on C20 to C40 alkanes was even better than on C10 to C18 alkanes. Biomass samples incubated for 6 hr with n-octacosane (C28) or n-nonacosane (C29) accumulated these compounds as the predominant constituent alkanes of the cell hydrocarbon fractions. The even chain hexadecane C16 and the odd chain pentadecane C15 were the second dominant constituent alkanes in C28 and C29 incubated cells, respectively. n-Hexadecane-incubated cells accumulated in their lipids higher proportions of C16-fatty acids than control cells not incubated with hydrocarbons. On the other hand, C28 and C29-incubated cells did not contain any fatty acids with the equivalent chain lengths, but the fatty acid patterns of the cell lipids suggest that there should have been mid-chain oxidation of these very long chain alkanes. This activity qualifies A. nicotianae KCC B35 to be used in cocktails for bioremediating environments polluted with heavy oil sediments.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

牛的肝脏、心脏、肾脏、肌肉和脂肪（包括肾周和皮下脂肪）组织从6头动物中收集用于分析其烃类组成。通过气相色谱和组合气相色谱-质谱法进行了定性和定量测定。尽管比例不同，但在所有样本中均发现了一个同源系列的n-烷烃，范围从n-C12到n-C31。还鉴定出了异戊二烯烃，包括植烷和植烯（植-1-烯和植-2-烯）。（这些发现与食用受烃类污染的肉类的人类健康相关。） /n-烷烃/

Liver, heart, kidneys, muscle and adipose (perirenal and s.c.) /bovine/ tissues were collected from 6 animals for analysis of their hydrocarbon composition. Qualitative and quantitative determinations were carried out by gas chromatography and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Although differing in the proportions, a homologous series of n-alkanes ranging from n-C12-n-C31 was found in all samples. The isoprenoid hydrocarbons phytane and phytene (phyt-1-ene and phyt-2-ene) were also identified. (These findings have relevance to the health of humans consuming hydrocarbon-contaminated meats.) /n-Alkanes/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

安全信息

• TSCA：
  Yes
• 安全说明：
  S24/25
• WGK Germany：
  3
• 海关编码：
  2901100000
• 危险性防范说明：
  P261,P305+P351+P338
• 危险性描述：
  H302,H315,H319,H335
• 储存条件：
  存放在密封容器内，并置于阴凉、干燥处。请确保储存地点远离氧化剂。

SDS

Name:	Tetracosane 99% Material Safety Data Sheet
Synonym:	None Known
CAS:	646-31-1

Section 1 - Chemical Product MSDS Name:Tetracosane 99% Material Safety Data Sheet
Synonym:None Known

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Section 2 - COMPOSITION, INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS

CAS#	Chemical Name	content	EINECS#
646-31-1	Tetracosane	99%	211-474-5

Hazard Symbols: None Listed.
Risk Phrases: None Listed.

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Section 3 - HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION
EMERGENCY OVERVIEW
The toxicological properties of this material have not been fully investigated.
Potential Health Effects
Eye:
May cause eye irritation.
Skin:
May cause skin irritation.
Ingestion:
May cause irritation of the digestive tract. The toxicological properties of this substance have not been fully investigated.
Inhalation:
May cause respiratory tract irritation. The toxicological properties of this substance have not been fully investigated.
Chronic:
No information found.

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Section 4 - FIRST AID MEASURES
Eyes: Flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the upper and lower eyelids. Get medical aid.
Skin:
Get medical aid. Flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash clothing before reuse.
Ingestion:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical aid. Do NOT induce vomiting. If conscious and alert, rinse mouth and drink 2-4 cupfuls of milk or water.
Inhalation:
Remove from exposure and move to fresh air immediately. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical aid.
Notes to Physician:

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Section 5 - FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES
General Information:
As in any fire, wear a self-contained breathing apparatus in pressure-demand, MSHA/NIOSH (approved or equivalent), and full protective gear. During a fire, irritating and highly toxic gases may be generated by thermal decomposition or combustion. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.
Extinguishing Media:
Use agent most appropriate to extinguish fire. Use water spray, dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or appropriate foam.

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Section 6 - ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES
General Information: Use proper personal protective equipment as indicated in Section 8.
Spills/Leaks:
Vacuum or sweep up material and place into a suitable disposal container. Clean up spills immediately, observing precautions in the Protective Equipment section. Avoid generating dusty conditions.
Provide ventilation.

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Section 7 - HANDLING and STORAGE
Handling:
Wash thoroughly after handling. Remove contaminated clothing and wash before reuse. Use with adequate ventilation. Minimize dust generation and accumulation. Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing. Keep container tightly closed. Avoid ingestion and inhalation.
Storage:
Store in a tightly closed container. Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible substances.

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Section 8 - EXPOSURE CONTROLS, PERSONAL PROTECTION
Engineering Controls:
Facilities storing or utilizing this material should be equipped with an eyewash facility and a safety shower. Use adequate ventilation to keep airborne concentrations low.
Exposure Limits CAS# 646-31-1: Personal Protective Equipment Eyes: Wear appropriate protective eyeglasses or chemical safety goggles as described by OSHA's eye and face protection regulations in 29 CFR 1910.133 or European Standard EN166.
Skin:
Wear appropriate protective gloves to prevent skin exposure.
Clothing:
Wear appropriate protective clothing to prevent skin exposure.
Respirators:
Follow the OSHA respirator regulations found in 29 CFR 1910.134 or European Standard EN 149. Use a NIOSH/MSHA or European Standard EN 149 approved respirator if exposure limits are exceeded or if irritation or other symptoms are experienced.

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Section 9 - PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Physical State: Solid
Color: white
Odor: None reported.
pH: Not available.
Vapor Pressure: Not available.
Viscosity: Not available.
Boiling Point: 391 deg C @ 760.00mmHg
Freezing/Melting Point: 49.00 - 52.00 deg C
Autoignition Temperature: Not applicable.
Flash Point: > 110 deg C (> 230.00 deg F)
Explosion Limits, lower: Not available.
Explosion Limits, upper: Not available.
Decomposition Temperature:
Solubility in water: insoluble
Specific Gravity/Density:
Molecular Formula: C24H50
Molecular Weight: 338.65

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Section 10 - STABILITY AND REACTIVITY
Chemical Stability:
Stable under normal temperatures and pressures.
Conditions to Avoid:
Incompatible materials, dust generation, excess heat, strong oxidants.
Incompatibilities with Other Materials:
Oxidizing agents.
Hazardous Decomposition Products:
Carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases, carbon dioxide.
Hazardous Polymerization: Has not been reported.

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Section 11 - TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION
RTECS#:
CAS# 646-31-1 unlisted.
LD50/LC50:
Not available.
Carcinogenicity:
Tetracosane - Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, or NTP.

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Section 12 - ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION

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Section 13 - DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS
Dispose of in a manner consistent with federal, state, and local regulations.

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Section 14 - TRANSPORT INFORMATION

IATA
Not regulated as a hazardous material.
IMO
Not regulated as a hazardous material.
RID/ADR
Not regulated as a hazardous material.

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Section 15 - REGULATORY INFORMATION

European/International Regulations
European Labeling in Accordance with EC Directives
Hazard Symbols: Not available.
Risk Phrases:
Safety Phrases:
S 24/25 Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
S 28A After contact with skin, wash immediately with
plenty of water.
S 37 Wear suitable gloves.
S 45 In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek
medical advice immediately (show the label where
possible).
WGK (Water Danger/Protection)
CAS# 646-31-1: No information available.
Canada
CAS# 646-31-1 is listed on Canada's DSL List.
CAS# 646-31-1 is not listed on Canada's Ingredient Disclosure List.
US FEDERAL
TSCA
CAS# 646-31-1 is listed on the TSCA inventory.

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SECTION 16 - ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
N/A

制备方法与用途

用途
用于色谱分析标样及固定液，适用于气相色谱分析标准与有机合成。

反应信息

• 作为反应物：
  描述：

  分析纯正二十烷 、 二十二烷 、 正二十六烷 、 正十八烷 、 正二十四烷 、 二十八烷 、 三十烷 在 氧气 、 硫酸 、 水 作用下， 30.0~50.0 ℃ 、490.01 kPa 条件下， 反应 3.0h， 以12.4%的产率得到硬脂醇
  参考文献：
  名称：

  [DE] VERFAHREN ZUR HERSTELLUNG PRIMÄRER LANGKETTIGER ALKOHOLE
  [EN] METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION OF PRIMARY LONG-CHAIN ALCOHOLS
  [FR] PROCEDE POUR PRODUIRE DES ALCOOLS PRIMAIRES A LONGUE CHAINE

  摘要：

  该发明涉及一种通过乙烯在铝化合物上的生长反应制备具有20到40个碳原子的线性长链脂肪醇的方法。

  公开号：

  WO2005123639A1
• 作为产物：
  描述：

  对甲苯磺酸十二酯 在 锰 、 三甲基氯硅烷 、 vitamin B₁₂ 、 1,10-邻菲啰啉二溴化镍 作用下， 以 二甲基亚砜 为溶剂， 反应 24.0h， 以86%的产率得到正二十四烷
  参考文献：
  名称：

  Ni/Co 催化的甲苯磺酸烷基酯均偶联反应

  摘要：

  已经通过使用镍和亲核钴催化剂的组合开发了甲苯磺酸烷基酯的直接还原均偶联。单电子转移型氧化加成是完善的镍催化烷基卤化物偶联的关键过程。然而，由于甲苯磺酸酯的高位 σ*(C-O) 轨道，该方法不能应用于普遍存在的甲苯磺酸酯烷基酯的均偶联。本文描述了一种 Ni/Co 催化的协议，用于在温和条件下构建烷基二聚体时活化甲苯磺酸烷基酯。

  DOI：

  10.3390/molecules24081458
• 作为试剂：
  描述：

  2,3,3-三甲基-5-甲氧基-3H-吲哚 在 吡啶 、 sodium tetrahydroborate 、 sodium persulfate 、 正二十四烷 、 palladium diacetate 、 三氟乙酸 作用下， 以 甲醇 、 水 为溶剂， 反应 19.0h， 生成 1-[7-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-5-methoxy-2,3,3-trimethylindolin-1-yl]ethanone
  参考文献：
  名称：

  氧化钯（II）催化脱氢Ç ？H / C ？在C7位置将2,3取代的二氢吲哚与芳烃进行H交叉偶联

  摘要：

  指导小组：吲哚核的C7位置很难通过CH激活来解决。本文公开了一种氧化钯（II）催化，该催化作用允许在该位置进行交叉脱氢偶联并激活芳烃组分的CH键。这种CH / CH交叉偶联适用于在氮原子上乙酰化的各种二氢吲哚。取代在C2是用于C关键 ħ激活在C7发生（参见方案）。

  DOI：

  10.1002/chem.201302140

文献信息

• Reduction of Organic Halides with Lanthanum Metal:  A Novel Generation Method of Alkyl Radicals
  作者：Toshiki Nishino、Toshihisa Watanabe、Mitsuo Okada、Yutaka Nishiyama、Noboru Sonoda

  DOI：10.1021/jo016205n

  日期：2002.2.1

  reaction of alkyl halides with lanthanum metal have been shown. The reduction of alkyl iodide with 1/3 equiv of lanthanum metal efficiently proceeded to give the corresponding reductive dimerized products along with the formation of reduction and dehydroiodination products. In the case of alkyl bromides and chlorides, the reaction did not proceed under the same reaction conditions as that of alkyl iodides;

  已经显示出卤代烷与镧金属反应的结果。用1/3当量的镧金属有效地进行烷基碘的还原，得到相应的还原二聚产物，同时形成还原和脱氢碘化产物。在烷基溴和氯化物的情况下，反应没有在与烷基碘相同的反应条件下进行。但是，通过加入催化量的碘可以大大促进该反应。建议包括烷基的反应途径。
• Electron transfer-induced reduction of organic halides with amines
  作者：Takahide Fukuyama、Yuki Fujita、Hayato Miyoshi、Ilhyong Ryu、Shih-Chieh Kao、Yen-Ku Wu

  DOI：10.1039/c8cc02445f

  日期：——

  Reduction of a variety of organo halides was examined by using amines as a sacrificial hydrogen source. UV light-induced reduction of vinyl and aryl halides with triethylamine proceeded smoothly to give the corresponding reduced products. High temperature heating also caused the reduction and DABCO (1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) also served as a good reducing reagent.

  通过使用胺作为牺牲氢源，研究了各种有机卤化物的还原。UV光诱导的三乙胺对乙烯基卤化物和芳基卤化物的还原反应顺利进行，得到了相应的还原产物。高温加热也引起了还原，DABCO（1,4-二氮杂双环[2.2.2]辛烷）也用作良好的还原剂。
• Glassy carbon modified by a silver–palladium alloy: cheap and convenient cathodes for the selective reductive homocoupling of alkyl iodides
  作者：Philippe Poizot、Viatcheslav Jouikov、Jacques Simonet

  DOI：10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.12.008

  日期：2009.2

  thanks to a simple immersion in acidic PdII-based solutions producing a displacement reaction. The as-prepared metallic interfaces exhibit outstanding catalytic capabilities especially in the cleavage of carbon–halogen bonds while being chemically/electrochemically quite stable and relatively inexpensive. More specifically, the use of such glassy carbon/Ag–Pd electrodes in dimethylformamide (DMF) containing

  精心制作了微米厚的银钯合金层，以修饰玻璃碳电极的表面。这种表面改性可以通过在碳上进行初步的银恒电流沉积，然后进行“钯化”步骤来轻松实现，这要归功于简单地浸入基于酸性Pd II的溶液中，从而产生置换反应。所制备的金属界面表现出出色的催化能力，尤其是在碳-卤素键的裂解中，同时在化学/电化学上相当稳定且相对便宜。更具体地，在二甲基甲含有四烷基铵盐使用这样的玻璃碳/银-钯电极（DMF）（TAA + X -）使伯烷基碘化物的单电子还原成为可能; 这种减少导致高产的同二聚体的形成。瞬态自由基的形成是由均偶联反应引起的。
• DEGRADATION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS TO RENDER THEM AVAILABLE FOR BIODEGRADATION
  申请人：Hong P.K. Andy

  公开号：US20080242875A1

  公开（公告）日：2008-10-02

  A method for the degradation of polycyclic aromatic compounds is disclosed that involves dissolving ozone in a bipolar solvent comprising a non-polar solvent in which is of sufficiently non-polar character to solubilized the polycyclic aromatic compounds, and a polar-water-compatible solvent which is fully miscible with the non-polar solvent to form a single phase with the non-polar solvent. The bipolar solvent with dissolved ozone is contacted with the polycyclic aromatic compounds to solubilize the polycyclic aromatic compounds and react the dissolved polycyclic aromatic compounds with the ozone to degrade the dissolved polycyclic aromatic compounds to oxygenated intermediates. The bipolar solvent is then mixed with sufficient water to form separate non-polar and polar phases, the non-polar phase comprising the non-polar solvent and the polar phase comprising the non-polar solvent and the oxygenated intermediates. The polar phase is then diluted and incubated with bacteria to biodegrade the oxygenated intermediates.

  揭示了一种降解多环芳烃化合物的方法，涉及将臭氧溶解在一种双极溶剂中，该溶剂包括一种非极性溶剂，其具有足够的非极性特性以溶解多环芳烃化合物，以及一种极性-水相容溶剂，与非极性溶剂完全互溶以形成与非极性溶剂相同的单一相。将含有溶解臭氧的双极溶剂与多环芳烃化合物接触，以溶解多环芳烃化合物并使溶解的多环芳烃化合物与臭氧反应，将溶解的多环芳烃化合物降解为含氧中间体。然后将双极溶剂与足够的水混合以形成分离的非极性和极性相，其中非极性相包括非极性溶剂，极性相包括非极性溶剂和含氧中间体。然后将极性相稀释并与细菌孵育以生物降解含氧中间体。
• Dilithium Tetrachlorocuprate(II) Catalyzed Oxidative Homocoupling of Functionalized Grignard Reagents
  作者：Jiangmeng Ren、Bu-Bing Zeng、Si-Kai Hua、Qiu-Peng Hu

  DOI：10.1055/s-0032-1316841

  日期：——

  to excellent yields. An efficient procedure is described for the oxidative homocoupling of functionalized Grignard reagents using a catalytic amount of dilithium tetrachlorocuprate(II) (CuLi2Cl4) in the presence of pure oxygen gas. This method is applied successfully to a variety of aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl halides, which are converted into the corresponding homocoupled products in

  摘要 描述了一种在纯氧气存在下使用催化量的四氯铜酸二锂（II）（CuLi 2 Cl 4）对官能化格氏试剂进行氧化均偶联的有效程序。该方法已成功应用于各种芳基，杂芳基，烷基，烯基和炔基卤化物，这些卤化物以良好或极好的收率转化为相应的均偶联产物。 描述了一种在纯氧气存在下使用催化量的四氯铜酸二锂（II）（CuLi 2 Cl 4）对官能化格氏试剂进行氧化均偶联的有效程序。该方法已成功应用于各种芳基，杂芳基，烷基，烯基和炔基卤化物，这些卤化物以良好或极好的收率转化为相应的均偶联产物。

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