Aniline appears as a yellowish to brownish oily liquid with a musty fishy odor. Melting point -6°C; boiling point 184°C; flash point 158°F. Denser than water (8.5 lb / gal) and slightly soluble in water. Vapors heavier than air. Toxic by skin absorption and inhalation. Produces toxic oxides of nitrogen during combustion. Used to manufacture other chemicals, especially dyes, photographic chemicals, agricultural chemicals and others.
颜色/状态:
Colorless to brown, oily liquid [Note: A solid below 21 °F]
气味:
Hedonic tone; pungent
味道:
Burning taste
蒸汽密度:
3.22 (EPA, 1998) (Relative to Air)
蒸汽压力:
6.67X10-1 mm Hg at 25 °C
亨利常数:
Henry's Law constant = 2.02X10-6 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C
Aniline is an important source material in the chemical industry (e.g., rubber, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals). The general population is known to be ubiquitously exposed to aniline. Thus, assessment of aniline exposure is of both occupational and environmental relevance. Knowledge on human metabolism of aniline is scarce. We orally dosed four healthy male volunteers (two fast and two slow acetylators) with 5 mg isotope-labeled aniline, consecutively collected all urine samples over a period of 2 days, and investigated the renal excretion of aniline and its metabolites by LS-MS/MS and GC-MS. After enzymatic hydrolysis of glucuronide and sulfate conjugates, N-acetyl-4-aminophenol was the predominant urinary aniline metabolite representing 55.7-68.9% of the oral dose, followed by the mercapturic acid conjugate of N-acetyl-4-aminophenol accounting for 2.5-6.1%. Acetanilide and free aniline were found only in minor amounts accounting for 0.14-0.36% of the dose. Overall, these four biomarkers excreted in urine over 48 hr post-dose represented 62.4-72.1% of the oral aniline dose. Elimination half-times were 3.4-4.3 hr for N-acetyl-4-aminophenol, 4.1-5.5 hr for the mercapturic acid conjugate, and 1.3-1.6 and 0.6-1.2 hr for acetanilide and free aniline, respectively. Urinary maximum concentrations of N-acetyl-4-aminophenol were reached after about 4 hr and maximum concentrations of the mercapturic acid conjugate after about 6 hr, whereas concentrations of acetanilide and free aniline peaked after about 1 hr. The present study is one of the first to provide reliable urinary excretion factors for aniline and its metabolites in humans after oral dosage, including data on the predominant urinary metabolite N-acetyl-4-aminophenol, also known as an analgesic under the name paracetamol/acetaminophen.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
代谢
在一个47岁的女性中...在血浆中检测到乙酰苯胺和对乙酰氨基酚作为苯胺的代谢物。
In a 47-year-old woman ... acetanilide and acetaminophen were identified in plasma as metabolites of aniline.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
代谢
苯胺主要代谢为p-氨基酚的共轭物,即p-氨基苯基葡萄糖醛酸苷和p-乙酰胺基苯基葡萄糖醛酸苷。
Aniline is largely metabolized to conjugates of p-aminophenol, namely p-aminophenylglucuronide and p-acetamidophenylglucuronide.
In addition to hydroxylation of aromatic ring, hydroxylation of amino group also occurs ... to give phenylhydroxylamine. Conjugation with cysteine also occurs and traces of o- and p-aminophenyl and p-acetamidophenyl-mercapturic acids have been detected in urine of rats and rabbits dosed with aniline.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
代谢
苯胺已知的人类代谢物包括N-羟基苯胺和对氨基酚。
Aniline has known human metabolites that include N-Hydroxyaniline and 4-aminophenol.
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Aniline is an oily liquid, which is colorless when freshly distilled, but darkens in exposure to air and light. It is used in manufacture dyes, pharmaceuticals, resins, varnishes, perfumes, shoe blacks, vulcanizing rubber, and as a solvent. The hydrochloride form is used in the manufacture of intermediates, aniline black and other dyes, in dyeing fabrics or wood black. HUMAN STUDIES: Single oral doses of 25-65 mg/person of aniline caused a dose dependent increase in methemoglobin formation. Doses of 45-65 mg/person also produced a slight increase in serum bilirubin in two subjects. Methemoglobin levels exceeding 70% are potentially lethal if untreated. Acute or delayed (2 to 7 days) hemolytic anemia (caused by destruction of red blood cells) has also results from aniline exposure. Moderate skin irritation and sensitization and dermatitis have been reported. Aniline can cause mild to severe eye irritation, corneal damage, and discoloration. Systemic effects can result from skin contact with aniline vapor or liquid. Acute aniline exposure can cause confusion, ringing in the ears, weakness, disorientation, dizziness, impaired gait, lethargy drowsiness, convulsions, loss of consciousness, and coma. These effects are usually transitory and probably secondary to lack of oxygen. Inhalation of aniline can cause respiratory tract irritation with cough, or difficulty in breathing. Inhaled aniline is rapidly and almost completely absorbed from the lungs, leading to systemic toxicity. Acute aniline exposure can cause painful urination; blood, hemoglobin or methemoglobin in the urine; decreased urinary output, and acute kidney failure. Bladder-wall irritation, kidney ulceration, and tissue death can also occur. Cardiac effects of acute aniline exposure, such as irregular heart rhythm, heart block, and acute congestive heart failure, may be caused by decreased oxygen delivery to the tissues. Death can result from progressive acidosis, ischemia and cardiovascular collapse. Chronic exposure to aniline may cause anemia, headaches, tremor, parathesis, pain, CNS depression or coma, and cardiac arrhythmia. Heart, kidney, and liver damage may also occur, possibly as secondary effects of hemolysis. Aniline can cross the placental barrier. Because fetal hemoglobin is more easily oxidized to methemoglobin than is adult hemoglobin and is less easily reduced back to normal hemoglobin, methemoglobin is likely to be at higher levels in fetuses than in exposed mothers. Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of aniline hydrochloride (0.05-10.0 mmolar) on human fibroblasts were studied. Increases in sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequencies were significant in cells exposed in serum free medium for 2 hr. Toxic Oil Syndrome is a multisystemic disease that occurred in epidemic proportions in Spain in 1981 caused by the ingestion of rapeseed oil denatured with aniline. Several data implicate T cells in the pathogenesis of the disease. ANIMAL STUDIES: Repeated daily subcutaneous administration of aniline to rats caused a decrease in steroidogenesis and lipid accumulation in corpora lutea and adrenal cortex. Aniline-induced splenic toxicity is characterized by hemorrhage, capsular hyperplasia, fibrosis, and a variety of sarcomas in rats. A spongy change in the spinal cord white matter was observed in four-week-old rats treated with aniline. Aniline in vivo is rapidly converted to paracetamol by the liver. Intrauterine exposure to aniline and paracetamol in environmental and pharmaceutical relevant doses resulted in shortening of the anogenital distance in mice, a marker of fetal androgen levels that in humans is associated with reproductive malformations and later life reproductive disorders. Aniline produced generally negative results in reverse mutation assays using Salmonella typhimurium. Aniline was reported to show positive results in the L5178+/- mouse lymphoma gene mutation assay. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: A 90 day outdoor bioassay with tilapia showed that 0.02 mg/L aniline reduced fish yield, specific growth rate and food conversion efficiency. Reproductive functions of fish were affected by aniline at a concentration of 0.5 mg/L and above. Dissolved oxygen, primary productivity and plankton population of the test medium also were significantly reduced at 2.65 and 6.94 mg/L aniline. The mitotic index of wheat root tip cells decreased when the aniline test concentration was higher than 10 mg/L. The frequency of micronucleus and chromosomal aberrations increased at aniline concentrations ranging between 5 and 100 mg/L.
Aniline induces lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in the spleen and that oxidative stress plays a role in the splenic toxicity of aniline. The hematopoietic system is the primary target of aniline insult in rats which is characterized by methemoglobinemia, hemolysis, and hemolytic anemia and by the development of splenic hyperplasia, siderosis, fibrosis, a variety of sarcomas, and, most commonly, fibrosarcomas on prolonged exposure. Many of the characteristics of splenotoxicity in rats, such as hyperplasia, hyperpigmentation, and/or formation of highly malignant tumors such as fibrosarcomas, are not restricted to aniline exposure, but also occur when animals are exposed to substituted anilines such as chloroaniline. Studies with aniline hydrochloride in rats indicate an association between erythrocyte damage and the severity of the splenotoxicity. Since one of the major functions of the spleen is to remove damaged erythrocytes, aniline-damaged erythrocytes would be expected to be scavenged by the spleen, especially by phagocytes. The deposition and subsequent breakdown of damaged erythrocytes will not only release aniline and/or its metabolites, but, most importantly, will also result in accumulation of iron in the spleen which may catalyze the generation of tissue-damaging oxygen radicals which can subsequently cause oxidation of biomolecules and result in lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation. It is also possible that during the scavenging of damaged erythrocytes, the splenic phagocytes, especially macrophages themselves, can become activated and release reactive oxygen species (ROS) which could further contribute to the oxidation of biomolecules leading to tissue injury. (A15460)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌性证据
致癌性分类:对人类致癌风险的总体评估为第3组:该物质对人类致癌性不可分类。
Classification of carcinogenicity: Overall summary evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans is Group 3: The agent is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans.
CLASSIFICATION: B2; probable human carcinogen. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Induction of tumors of the spleen and the body cavity in two strains of rat, and some supporting toxicological evidence. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Inadequate. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Sufficient. /Based on former classification system/
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
致癌性证据
A3; 已确认的动物致癌物,对人类的相关性未知。
A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.
/The objective was/ to study the permeability of intact mouse abdominal skin to aniline and the protective capability of two typical lab gloves against aniline. A Franz diffusion cell was used to perform in vitro transdermal absorption test and glove permeation test for aniline (0.102 mg/mL and 0.010 mg/mL). The permeabilities of intact mouse abdominal skin and gloves to aniline were measured by high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection. The transdermal penetration of the two concentrations of aniline followed zero order kinetics within 12 hr, exhibiting total aniline permeabilities within 24 hr of 51.71% and 48.31%, respectively. The absorption liquid had an aniline concentration of at least 18 ug/L. The medical disposable latex glove could not stop the penetration of 0.010 mg/mL aniline, but the industrial natural latex glove could. The penetration of 0.102 mg/mL and 0.010 mg/mL aniline through the mouse abdominal skin follows zero order kinetics within 12 hr. The medical disposable latex glove cannot stop the penetration of 0.010 mg/mL aniline, but the industrial natural latex glove can.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
该物质可以通过吸入、通过皮肤接触蒸汽以及通过摄入被身体吸收。
The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin also as a vapor and by ingestion.
(14)C-Aniline administered to rabbits is mostly excreted in urine (80% of dose) as conjugates of p-aminophenol (55%), o-aminophenol (10%), and m-aminophenol (0.1%), and as aniline (3.5%), aniline-N-glucuronide (6%), phenylsulfamic acid (8%), and acetanilide (0.2%). Only traces of the metabolites (1%) are excreted in feces, and no aniline is excreted in the expired air. ... Administration of high dose levels of aniline to rabbits results in the excretion of free glucuronic acid in the urine.
Biliary excretion (% of dose excreted in 3 hr) of aniline in: rat 5.7%, guinea pig 5.6%, rabbit 2.6%, dog 2.7%, cat 0.3%, hen 1.6%. /From table; dose not given/
The synthesis of 1-chloroalkyl carbonates and their reaction with various type of amines are described. This reaction is useful for the synthesis of carbamate pesticides and for the protection of various amino groups, including amino acids.
1,3,5-Triazapentadienes by Nucleophilic Addition to 1,3- and 1,4-Dinitriles—Sterically Constrained Examples by Incorporation into Cyclic Peripheries: Synthesis, Aggregation, and Photophysical Properties
作者:Agnes Johanna Wrobel、Ralph Lucchesi、Birgit Wibbeling、Constantin-Gabriel Daniliuc、Roland Fröhlich、Ernst-Ulrich Würthwein
DOI:10.1021/acs.joc.6b00126
日期:2016.4.1
with the two cyano groups in 1,3 or 1,4 distance. These novel compounds show very strong tendency for aggregation due to hydrogenbonding, especially to form homodimers as seen from X-ray data in the solid state. Additional hydrogenbonding generates also linear chains in the crystal. Several of the new compounds show fluorescence in solution. Quantum chemical DFT calculations were used for evaluation
protocol for the synthesis of peptide hydroxamicacids directly from carboxylic/amino acids by ethyl 2-(tert-butoxycarbonyloxyimino)-2-cyanoacetate in the presence of DIPEA/DMAP at room temperature is described. The compatibility of this method with Fmoc based solidphase peptide synthesis (SPPS) is also demonstrated by synthesizing three relatively large N-terminal peptide hydroxamicacids on resin. Also
structural and mechanistic studies on the organocatalytic asymmetrictransferhydrogenation of ketimines with trichlorosilane. Amines were obtained in good yields and moderate enantioselectivities. Both experiment and computation were utilized to provide an improved understanding of the mechanism. amines - Lewis bases - organocatalysis - transferhydrogenation - trichlorosilane
Long-chain phenols. Part 18. Conversion of anacardic acid into urushiol
作者:Lam Soot Kiong、John H. P. Tyman
DOI:10.1039/p19810001942
日期:——
(15 : 0)-Anacardic acid (6-pentadecylsalicylic acid), prepared by reduction of unsaturated anacardicacid from Anacardium occidentale, has been converted into anacardic alcohol (6-pentadecylsalicyl alcohol) and thence by oxidation at carbon into anacardaldehyde. Phenolic oxidation of anacardic alcoholled to 8-pentadecyl-1-oxaspiro-[2.5]octa-5,7-dien-4-one, itself readily convertible photochemically