In a controlled experiment 15 (79%) of 19 severely alcoholic men but only 1 of 22 controls had a serum concentration of greater than or equal to 5 umol/L 2,3-butanediol after ingestion of distilled spirits. Another diol, 1,2-propanediol, was found in a concentration of greater than or equal to 5 umol/L in all patients' specimens after drinking; but it was also present in lower concentrations in the reference specimens of most of the patients. These data are consistent with the experimental evidence that ethanol can be metabolized in rats to produce 2,3-butanediol and with the epidemiological hypothesis that severely alcoholic men metabolize ethanol by a different pathway than do control subjects.
Understanding the capacity of Paenibacillus polymyxa DSM 365 to tolerate increasing concentrations of 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BD) is critical to engineering a 2,3-BD-overproducing strain. Hence, we investigated the response of P. polymyxa to high 2,3-BD concentrations. In fed-batch cultures (6-L bioreactor) 2,3-BD was accumulated to a maximum concentration of 47 g/L despite the presence of residual 13 g/L glucose in the medium. Concomitantly, accumulation of acetoin, the precursor of 2,3-BD increased after maximum 2,3-BD concentration was reached, suggesting that 2,3-BD was reconverted to acetoin after the concentration tolerance threshold of 2,3-BD was exceeded. Cultures of P. polymyxa were then challenged with levo-2,3-BD (20, 40 and 60 g/L) at 0h in a glucose medium, and a concentration dependent growth inhibition response to levo-2,3-BD was observed. The growth of P. polymyxa was completely inhibited by 60 g/L levo-2,3-BD. Furthermore, P. polymyxa was challenged with incremental 2,3-BD concentrations (20, 40 and 60 g/L at 12, 24 and 36 hr, respectively) to mimic 2,3-BD accumulation during fermentation. Interestingly, 2,3-BD was reconverted to acetoin when its concentration reached 60 g/L, possibly to alleviate 2,3-BD toxicity. Collectively, our findings indicate that 2,3-BD-mediated toxicity is a major metabolic impediment to 2,3-BD overproduction, thus, making it an important metabolic engineering target towards rational design of a 2,3-BD-overproducing strain.
The metabolism of diacetyl (2,3-butanedione), acetoin (3-hydroxy-2-butanone), and 2,3-butanediol, which are metabolites of acetaldehyde, was quantitatively investigated using rat liver homogenate, liver perfusion, and in vivo experiments. Diacetyl and acetoin were reduced to 2,3-butanediol in these experiments, but acetoin and 2,3-butanediol were scarcely oxidized to diacetyl, indicating that the reduction reaction to 2,3-butanediol from diacetyl occurs actively in rat liver. The formation of acetoin from diacetyl required either NADH or NADPH as a reductant, while the reduction of acetoin to 2,3-butanediol required NADH. Acetoin and 2,3-butanediol were more readily accumulated than diacetyl in brain tissue.
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: 2,3-Butanediol is nearly colorless, crystalline solid or liquid. 2,3-Butanediol is used as a crosslinking agent for naphthalene-1,5-diisocyanate in the production of specific hard-rubber products. Derivatives of 2,3-butanediol are important as intermediates in the pharmaceutical industry. 2,3-Butanediols have some interest as humectants and in the synthesis of polymers and plasticizers. HUMAN STUDIES: For erythrocytes a solution of 30% 2,3-butanediol showed relatively low toxicity. Hemolysis was only 2% after 5 hr, but increased to 6% after 21 hr and reached 60% after 46 hr. ANIMAL STUDIES: Effects of 2,3-butanediol on the central nervous system (CNS) were investigated by using the analysis of EEG (electroencephalogram) spectral powers recorded at the frontal cortex in rats. It was found that 2,3-butanediol treatment led to increase in EEG spectral powers by oral and intravenous administrations at relatively low doses. From these findings it can be concluded that 2,3-butanediol has a potent CNS depressant effect. 2,3-Butanediol was not embryotoxic when examined in cultured 10-day rat embryo. 2,3-Butanediol has a negative regulatory effect on rats innate immunity response.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
副作用
神经毒素 - 急性溶剂综合症
Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome
来源:Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
Erythrocytes were stored at 4 degrees C in solutions of phosphate-buffered saline containing 2,3-butanediol and 4% (w/w) trehalose, sucrose, sorbitol, or mannitol. The 2,3-butanediol contained 96.7% (w/w) racemic mixture of the levo and dextro isomers and only 3.1% (w/w) of the meso isomer (2,3-butanediol 97% dl). The concentrations of 2,3-butanediol were 30 and 35% (w/w). A solution of 30% 2,3-butanediol showed relatively low toxicity. Hemolysis was only 2% after 5 hr, but increased to 6% after 21 hr and reached 60% after 46 hr. Adding 4% (w/w) of one of the above compounds drastically decreased the toxicity. The two most efficient were the sugars trehalose and sucrose. With 30% 2,3-butanediol and 4% of any of the four compounds, hemolysis was about 0.6% after 2 days of storage. Furthermore, with trehalose or sucrose, hemolysis remained below 3% for 1 month. With sorbitol or mannitol, hemolysis slowly increased to 2% after 7 days and then increased rapidly. Even with 35% 2,3-butanediol, solutions containing trehalose or sucrose showed low toxicity. Hemolysis was also measured after redilution to buffered solution without 2,3-butanediol and without the additive, to mimic perfusion of organs with cryoprotectants and washing. Minima of hemolysis were observed after a few days of storage. The present solutions also have high glass-forming tendencies. They could be of great interest for organ vitrification.
... A 16 hr pretreatment with either 2-butanone (2.1 mL/kg, orally) or 2,3-butanediol (2.12 mL/kg, orally) markedly enhanced the hepatotoxic response to CCl4 (0.1 mL/kg, ip), as measured by serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase activity and hepatic triglyceride content. In vivo, limited formation of 3-hydroxy-2-butanone occurred after this dose of 2,3-butanediol.
/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Higher alcohols (>3 carbons) and related compounds/
In a controlled experiment 15 (79%) of 19 severely alcoholic men but only 1 of 22 controls had a serum concentration of greater than or equal to 5 umol/l 2,3-butanediol after ingestion of distilled spirits.
1.周国泰,化学危险品安全技术全书,化学工业出版社,1997 2.国家环保局有毒化学品管理办公室、北京化工研究院合编,化学品毒性法规环境数据手册,中国环境科学出版社.1992 3.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety,CHEMINFO Database.1998 4.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, RTECS Database, 1989
Novel synthesis of 2H-1,5-benzoxathiepin-3(4H)-one and 5H-4,1-benzoxathiepin-3(2H)-one derivatives and chemical properties evaluation
作者:Taras M. Tarasiuk、Olena O. Shyshkina、Yulian M. Volovenko、Volodymyr V. Medviediev、Tetiana A. Volovnenko、Oleg V. Shishkin
DOI:10.1007/s00706-015-1500-1
日期:2015.10
for the synthesis of 2H-1,5-benzoxathiepin-3(4H)-one and 5H-4,1-benzoxathiepin-3(2H)-one derivatives have been developed. Carbonyl group of 2H-1,5-benzoxathiepin-3(4H)-one has been protected by cyclic and acyclic ketals. Interaction of 2H-1,5-benzoxathiepin-3(4H)-one with NaBH4, hydroxylamine, hydrazines, and Br2 has been investigated. Strecker reaction has been carried out for the synthesis of corresponding
摘要已开发出合成2 H -1,5-苯并氧杂噻吩-3(4 H)-one和5 H -4,1-苯并氧杂噻吩-3(2 H)-one衍生物的新方法。2 H -1,5-benzoxathiepin-3(4 H)-one的羰基已被环状和非环状缩酮保护。研究了2 H -1,5-benzoxathiepin-3(4 H)-one与NaBH 4,羟胺,肼和Br 2的相互作用。进行了Strecker反应以合成相应的α-氨基酸。Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons和Michael反应的结合可以得到β-取代的羧酸的衍生物。另外,2 H -1,5-苯并噻吩-3(4 H)-1参与了Johnson-Corey-Chaykovsky反应。 图形概要
Substituted diether diols by ring-opening of carbocyclic and stannylene acetals
作者:Rolando Martínez-Bernhardt、Peter P. Castro、Gayane Godjoian、Carlos G. Gutiérrez
DOI:10.1016/s0040-4020(98)00563-8
日期:1998.7
Reduction of malonaldehyde bis(ethylene and propylene acetals) with borane or monochloroborane produces diether diols 1 and 2 in high yield. Similar reduction of glyoxal bis(ethylene acetals) has only limited utility for the preparation of tetrasubstituted triethyleneglycols 3. Organotin chemistry is complementary: stannylene acetals prepared from disubstituted vicinal diols can be alkylated with half
Total synthesis, antiprotozoal and cytotoxicity activities of rhuschalcone VI and analogs
作者:Shetonde O. Mihigo、Wendimagegn Mammo、Merhatibeb Bezabih、Kerstin Andrae-Marobela、Berhanu M. Abegaz
DOI:10.1016/j.bmc.2010.02.055
日期:2010.4
The total synthesis of a potent antiplasmodial natural bichalcone, rhuschalcone VI, is described starting fromsimple and available resorcinol and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde. Key steps include the solvent-free Aldol syntheses of chalcones, and the successful application of the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction in the synthesis of bichalcones. The present work constitutes a generalmethod for the rapid syntheses
Purification and Characterization of an NADH-Dependent Alcohol Dehydrogenase from<i>Candida maris</i>for the Synthesis of Optically Active 1-(Pyridyl)ethanol Derivatives
A novel (R)-specific alcohol dehydrogenase (AFPDH) produced by Candida maris IFO10003 was purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-Toyopearl, and Phenyl-Toyopearl, and characterized. The relative molecular mass of the native enzyme was found to be 59,900 by gel filtration, and that of the subunit was estimated to be 28,900 on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These results suggest that the enzyme is a homodimer. It required NADH as a cofactor and reduced various kinds of carbonyl compounds, including ketones and aldehydes. AFPDH reduced acetylpyridine derivatives, β-keto esters, and some ketone compounds with high enantioselectivity. This is the first report of an NADH-dependent, highly enantioselective (R)-specific alcohol dehydrogenase isolated from a yeast. AFPDH is a very useful enzyme for the preparation of various kinds of chiral alcohols.
一种由Candida maris IFO10003产生的新型(R)-特异性醇脱氢酶(AFPDH)通过硫酸铵分级、DEAE-Toyopearl和Phenyl-Toyopearl纯化至均一,并进行了表征。通过凝胶过滤法测得该酶的原分子质量为59,900,而在SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳中亚基的估计分子质量为28,900。这些结果表明该酶为同源二聚体。它需要NADH作为辅因子,并能还原包括酮和醛在内的多种羰基化合物。AFPDH能高对映选择性地还原乙酰吡啶衍生物、β-酮酯和某些酮化合物。这是首例从酵母中分离出的依赖NADH的高对映选择性(R)-特异性醇脱氢酶的报道。AFPDH对于制备多种手性醇是非常有用的酶。
Biomass into chemicals: One-pot two- and three-step synthesis of quinoxalines from biomass-derived glycols and 1,2-dinitrobenzene derivatives using supported gold nanoparticles as catalysts
one-pot two-step method, for the synthesis of quinoxalines by oxidative coupling of vicinal diols with 1,2-phenylenediamine derivatives, has been developed by using gold nanoparticles supported on nanoparticulated ceria (Au/CeO2) or hydrotalcite (Au/HT) as catalysts and air as oxidant, in the absence of any homogeneous base. Reaction kinetics shows that the reaction controlling step is the oxidation of
通过使用负载在纳米二氧化铈(Au / CeO 2)或水滑石上的金纳米粒子,开发了一种有效的,选择性的一锅两步方法,该方法通过邻二醇与1,2-苯二胺衍生物的氧化偶联来合成喹喔啉。(Au / HT)作为催化剂,空气作为氧化剂,没有任何均相碱。反应动力学表明,反应控制步骤是将二醇氧化为α-羟基羰基化合物。此外,已经成功地进行了以1,2-二硝基苯和1,2-丙二醇为原料的2-甲基喹喔啉的一锅式三步合成,最终产物的转化率为98%,总产率为83%。