Benzonitrile appears as a clear colorless liquid with an almond-like odor. Flash point 161°F. Denser (at 8.4 lb / gal) than water and slightly soluble in water. Used as a specialty solvent and to make other chemicals.
Aromatic cyanides or nitriles can be metabolized by hydrolysis of the cyanide group to give the corresponding carboxylic acid. This reaction is only a minor pathway, the major metabolic transformation being aromatic hydroxylation. Benzonitrile /by hydrolation yields/ benzamide /which by hydrolysis yields/ benzoic acid and ammonia.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
代谢
苯腈在兔体内产生邻羟基苯腈、间羟基苯腈和对羟基苯腈。
Benzonitrile yields o-hydroxybenzonitrile, m-hydroxybenzonitrile, and p-hydroxybenzonitrile in rabbits.
Benzonitrile is mainly hydroxylated in vivo to cyanophenols, a small amount being hydrolyzed to benzoic acid. ... In rabbit, 50% of a dose of 150 mg/kg was converted to conjugated cyanophenols and 10% of the benzonitrile fed was excreted as benzoic acid. Hydrogen cyanide is not a metabolite of benzonitrile ... and cyanide was not found to be formed by benzonitrile either in vivo or in vitro. ... The in vivo microsomal hydroxylation of specifically deuterated benzonitrile in the rat yielded mainly 4-hydroxybenzonitrile with 41% retention of deuterium.
Organic nitriles are converted into cyanide ions through the action of cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver. Cyanide is rapidly absorbed and distributed throughout the body. Cyanide is mainly metabolized into thiocyanate by either rhodanese or 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfur transferase. Cyanide metabolites are excreted in the urine. (L96)
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Benzonitrile is a colorless liquid. It is used as intermediate for rubber chemicals; solvent for nitrile rubber, specialty lacquers, and many resins and polymers, and for many anhydrous metallic salts. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Benzonitrile was tested at a concentration of 2% in petrolatum on 27 volunteers in a mixed panel, and was found to produce no sensitization reactions after 48 hr close patch test. Extensive reddening and blister formation resulted from accidental exposure of human skin to benzonitrile. Following an occupational accident in which a worker's head and clothing were drenched with benzonitrile, the worker suffered severe respiratory distress and tonic convulsions between periods of unconsciousness which lasted for 75 min. Thereafter he gradually recovered, but several years later he experienced episodes of unconsciousness which might have been related to the benzonitrile exposure. ANIMAL STUDIES: CNS depression signs and changes in blood cholinesterase activity were observed in rats and mice in an inhalation study with benzonitrile. Indication of cumulative effects of benzonitrile were reported. Toxic signs included sluggishness, unsteady gait, a comatose state, convulsions of limb muscles, and death. Benzonitrile produced mild eye irritation and no skin irriation in albino rabbits. Benzonitrile applied full strength to intact or abraded rabbit skin for 24 hr under occlusion was moderately irritating. When benzonitrile was administered orally to rats in a single lethal dose (2 g/kg), cytochrome oxidase activity of the liver, kidneys, and heart was increased by 2-4 times. The nitrile initially increased the hippuric acid and NH3 and decreased the glucuronides of the urine. Rhodanides in the blood remained unchanged. Certain responses of rats following exposure to benzonitrile vapor exhibited age-rated differences. Erythrocyte and leukocyte counts and hemoglobin , albumin and gamma-globulin levels decreased while alpha1-, alpha2- and beta-globulin levels increased earlier and were compensated far more rapidly in adult rats than in juvenile or older animals. Both, nitrobenzene and benzonitrile applied to V79 cells, induced mostly kinetochor (CREST)-positive micronuclei, thus characterising the chromosomal effects as aneugenic. Benzonitrile was tested for anticonvulsant effect in mice and gave protection against pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsions.
Organic nitriles decompose into cyanide ions both in vivo and in vitro. Consequently the primary mechanism of toxicity for organic nitriles is their production of toxic cyanide ions or hydrogen cyanide. Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected. Cyanide is also known produce some of its toxic effects by binding to catalase, glutathione peroxidase, methemoglobin, hydroxocobalamin, phosphatase, tyrosinase, ascorbic acid oxidase, xanthine oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. Cyanide binds to the ferric ion of methemoglobin to form inactive cyanmethemoglobin. (L97)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类不具有致癌性(未被国际癌症研究机构IARC列名)。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Exposure to high levels of cyanide for a short time harms the brain and heart and can even cause coma, seizures, apnea, cardiac arrest and death. Chronic inhalation of cyanide causes breathing difficulties, chest pain, vomiting, blood changes, headaches, and enlargement of the thyroid gland. Skin contact with cyanide salts can irritate and produce sores. (L96, L97)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
暴露途径
这种物质可以通过吸入、皮肤接触和摄入被身体吸收。
The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.
来源:ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
[EN] PYRAZOLE DERIVATIVES USEFUL AS INHIBITORS OF FAAH<br/>[FR] DÉRIVÉS DE PYRAZOLE UTILES COMME INHIBITEURS DE FAAH
申请人:MERCK & CO INC
公开号:WO2009151991A1
公开(公告)日:2009-12-17
The present invention is directed to certain imidazole derivatives which are useful as inhibitors of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH). The invention is also concerned with pharmaceutical formulations comprising these compounds as active ingredients and the use of the compounds and their formulations in the treatment of certain disorders, including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetic neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, skeletomuscular pain, and fibromyalgia, as well as acute pain, migraine, sleep disorder, Alzheimer disease, and Parkinson's disease
Compositions for Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis and Other Chronic Diseases
申请人:Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
公开号:US20150231142A1
公开(公告)日:2015-08-20
The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising an inhibitor of epithelial sodium channel activity in combination with at least one ABC Transporter modulator compound of Formula A, Formula B, Formula C, or Formula D. The invention also relates to pharmaceutical formulations thereof, and to methods of using such compositions in the treatment of CFTR mediated diseases, particularly cystic fibrosis using the pharmaceutical combination compositions.
From aldehydes to nitriles, a general and high yielding transformation using HOF·CH3CN complex
作者:Mira Carmeli、Neta Shefer、Shlomo Rozen
DOI:10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.10.014
日期:2006.12
N,N-Dimethylhydrazones of aldehydes undergo a rapid oxidative cleavage to form nitriles in very high yields on reaction with HOF·CH3CN under mild conditions. The reaction is chemoselective and proceeds rapidly without racemization. The nitriles were resistant to further oxidation, even when a large excess of the reagent was employed.
Abstract Phosphorous pentoxide is the catalyst of choice for the facile conversion of primary amines, aromatic amines, sulfonamides and primary amides into the corresponding N-substitutedpyrroles from 2,5-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran.
Polystyrene-bound diaryl selenoxide and telluroxide have been prepared, which behaved as mild oxidizingagents for thiols to disulfides, phosphines to phosphine oxides, hydroquinone and catechol to p- and o-benzoquinones, and thioketones to oxo compounds. The telluroxide completed these reactions in shorter periods or under milder conditions than the selenoxide. In addition, they effected novel solvent-dependent