When heated to decomposition it emits irritating fumes.
粘度:
1.056 mPa-s at 25 °C
腐蚀性:
Corrosive organic acid
燃烧热:
874.2 kJ/mol
汽化热:
23.36 at 25 °C; 23.70 kJ/mol at 117.9 °C;
表面张力:
27.10 mN/m at 25 °C
电离电位:
10.66 eV
聚合:
A drum contaminated with acetic acid was filled with acetaldehyde. The ensuing exothermic polymerization reaction caused a mild eruption lasting for several hours.
Evaporation rate ... at 25 °C and a wind speed of 4.5 m/sec (16.1 kg/hr) is 0.24 g/sq m/sec ... evaporation rates of 0.077 g/sq m/sec at 0 °C and 0.42 g/sq m/sec at 30 °C ... for wind speed of 4.5 m/sec.
Acetic acid ... is readily metabolized by most tissues and may give rise to the production of ketone bodies as intermediates. In vitro, acetate is incorporated into phospholipids, neutral lipids, steroids, sterols, and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in a variety of human and animal tissue preparations. ...Metabolism of 14(C) acetate in mice results in radioactivity associated with the protein fractions of plasma and most major tissues.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
代谢
在体内,醋酸部分转化为甲酸。
In the body, acetic acid is partially converted into formic acid.
When dogs were administered large doses (1-2 g/kg ip or sc) of sodium acetate, only small amounts appeared in the urine, which is evidence of the rapid utilization of acetic acid.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
代谢
醋酸是乙醛的人类已知代谢物。
Acetic Acid is a known human metabolite of acetaldehyde.
Lead is absorbed following inhalation, oral, and dermal exposure. It is then distributed mainly to the bones and red blood cells. In the blood lead may be found bound to serum albumin or the metal-binding protein metallothionein. Organic lead is metabolized by cytochrome P-450 enzymes, whereas inorganic lead forms complexes with delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase. Lead is excreted mainly in the urine and faeces. (L136)
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Acetic acid is a colorless liquid or solid, having a pungent characteristic odor, and when diluted in water an acidic taste. Glacial acetic acid is a 99% active chemical. It is used as an acidifier, flavoring agent, for the prevention of rope in baking, and as a solvent. Acetic acid is used as a laboratory reagent in chemical and biochemical analysis, in field testing of lead fumes, vinyl chloride determination, uric acid in urine, aniline vapors, and separation of gases. In addition, acetic acid is used in pesticide formulations as a herbicide to controls weeds on fruits, vegetables, ornamentals and turf. It is also a component of the hydraulic fracturing fluids preventing precipitation of metal oxides (iron control). Registered for use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically, so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses. Three to 5% acetic acid is commonly used in the field of gynecology for colposcopic examinations of the cervix. It gives an 'acetowhite' effect that may assist clinicians in identifying neoplastic areas. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Acetic acid is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and through the lungs and almost completely oxidized by tissues. The metabolic pathways are reasonably well known and involve the formation of ketone bodies. As little as 1.0 mL of glacial acetic acid has resulted in perforation of the esophagus. During acetic acid dialysis, patients showed a frequent onset of sudden hypotension and arrhythmia with concomitant symptoms of the so-called disequilibrium syndrome. Extreme eye and nasal irritation has occurred at concentrations in excess of 25 ppm and conjunctivitis from concentrations below 10 ppm has been reported. Glacial acetic acid has caused permanent corneal opacification. Ingestion of 200 mL of an 80% solution of acetic acid caused repeated shock due to myocardial infarction and massive intestinal bleeding led to an organic brain psychosyndrome. The patient survived the intoxication by use of hemodialysis and intensive care therapy. An excess of prostate cancer was observed among former chemical plant workers, some of whom had been exposed to both acetic acid and acetic anhydride. ANIMAL STUDIES: Toxic effects of acetic acid are due to irritant properties as well as its effect on the central nervous system and kidneys. Large oral doses cause CNS depression and death in rats and mice. Inhalation of 16,000 ppm killed 1 of 6 exposed rats. Groups of 3-6 rats were given acetic acid in drinking water for periods from 9-15 weeks. Fluid uptake was the same in all treatment groups, at the high dose group there was a progressive reduction in body weight gain, loss of appetite and fall in food consumption. Four groups of two young pigs were fed daily diets for successive 30 day periods for a total of 150 days. There were differences in growth rate, weight gain, early morning urinary ammonia and terminal blood pH between controls and test groups. Acetic acid had no effects on implantation or on maternal or fetal survival in rats, mice or rabbits dosed via gavage during gestation days 6-19 at doses up to 1600 mg/kg/day. The number of abnormalities seen in either soft or skeletal tissues of the test groups did not differ from the number occurring in the controls. Acetic acid has shown no evidence of mutagenic activity with or without metabolic activation using several strains of Salmonella typhimurium. Acetic acid did not show clastogenicity on cultured Chinese hamster ovary K1 cells at neutral pH, but it was clastogenic at pH 5.2 to 6.0 with or without metabolic activation. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Acetic acid was harmful to aquatic life. High concentrations produced pH levels toxic to oxidizing bacteria, inhibiting oxygen demand. It was lethal to Mosquito fish: at 320 ppm and higher all fish were dead at 24 hours.
Lead mimics other biologically important metals, such as zinc, calcium, and iron, competing as cofactors for many of their respective enzymatic reactions. For example, lead has been shown to competitively inhibit calcium's binding of calmodulin, interferring with neurotransmitter release. It exhibits similar competitive inhibition at the NMDA receptor and protein kinase C, which impairs brain microvascular formation and function, as well as alters the blood-brain barrier. Lead also affects the nervous system by impairing regulation of dopamine synthesis and blocking evoked release of acetylcholine. However, it's main mechanism of action occurs by inhibiting delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, an enzyme vital in the biosynthesis of heme, which is a necesssary cofactor of hemoglobin. (T4, A20, A22, L136)
Acetic acid is toxic due to its corrosive nature. In addition to causing skin burns and irritation to the mucous membranes, ingestion can result in severe damage to the digestive system and a potentially lethal change in the acidity of the blood. (L1885)
Organic lead compounds are not classifiable as to their carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3). To the extent that organic lead compounds are metabolized in part to ionic lead, they are expected to exert the toxicities associated with inorganic lead (Group 2A, probably carcinogenic to humans). (L135)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类无致癌性(未列入国际癌症研究机构IARC清单)。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
吸收、分配和排泄
醋酸从胃肠道和通过肺部被吸收。
Acetic acid is absorbed from the GI tract and through the lung.
Proteasomeactivity affects cell cycle progression as well as the immune response, and it is largely recognized as an attractive pharmacological target for potential therapies against several diseases. Herein we present the synthesis of a series of pseudodi/tripeptides bearing at the C-terminal position different α-ketoamide moieties as pharmacophoric units for the interaction with the catalytic threonine
Air-Tolerant Direct Thiol Esterification with Carboxylic Acids Using Hydrosilane via Simple Inorganic Base Catalysis
作者:Maojie Xuan、Chunlei Lu、Meina Liu、Bo-Lin Lin
DOI:10.1021/acs.joc.9b00500
日期:2019.6.21
thioesterification of carboxylicacids with thiolsusing nontoxic activation agents is highly desirable. Herein, an efficient and practical protocol using safe and inexpensive industrial waste polymethylhydrosiloxane as the activation agent and K3PO4 with 18-crown-6 as a catalyst is described. Various functional groups on carboxylicacid and thiol substituents can be tolerated by the present system to afford thioesters
非常需要使用无毒的活化剂将羧酸与硫醇直接硫酯化。在此,描述了一种有效且实用的方案,该方案使用安全且廉价的工业废聚甲基氢硅氧烷作为活化剂,并以18-crown-6作为催化剂的K 3 PO 4。本系统可以耐受羧酸和硫醇取代基上的各种官能团,从而以19-100%的收率提供硫酯。
Synthesis and Properties of Aminoacylamido-AMP: Chemical Optimization for the Construction of an <i>N</i>-Acyl Phosphoramidate Linkage
This paper describes the design and synthesis of a new type of aminoacyl-adenylate analogue (aa-AMPN) having an N-acyl phosphoramidate linkage where the oxygen atom of the mixed anhydride bond of aminoacyl-adenylate (aa-AMP) is replaced by an amino group. This new type of aa-AMP analogue is expected to be useful as material for studies on the recognition mechanism of the aminoacylation of tRNA and
A novel amidation strategy using electrophilic sulfonium, which is soluble and stable in aqueous conditions, was developed. The sulfoniums could activate thioacid and carboxyl acid to efficiently react with amines to afford amides. This method enables applications in amidation in both aqueous media and solid-phase peptide synthesis, peptide/protein modifications, and reactive lysines of a proteome