Lactic acid appears as a colorless to yellow odorless syrupy liquid. Corrosive to metals and tissue. Used to make cultured dairy products, as a food preservative, and to make chemicals.
颜色/状态：
Crystals (melt at 16.8 °C)
气味：
Odorless
味道：
Mild acid taste and does not overpower weaker aromatic flavors
蒸汽压力：
0.0813 mm Hg at 25 °C
亨利常数：
Henry's Law constant = 9.6X10-9 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C (est)
... Propylene glycol ... is oxidized to lactic acid or pyruvic acid by two pathways. These two metabolites are then used by the body as sources of energy either by oxidation through the tricarboxylic acid cycle or by generation of glycogen through the glycolytic pathway.
Lactic acid diffuses through muscle tissue and is transported to the liver in the bloodstream. In the liver, it is converted to glucose by gluconeogenesis. Lactic acid can also be further catabolized in the lactic acid cycle (also known as the Cori cycle).
L-lactic acid is a normal metabolic intermediate produced by most mammalian cells and other organisms, such as bacteria; it is metabolized in preference to D-lactic acid in man, dogs, and rats. Lactic acid is converted to pyruvic acid by lactic acid dehydrogenase.
In animals, lactate that is generated by anaerobic metabolism can be transported to other more aerobic tissues, such as the liver, where it can be reconverted to pyruvate. The pyruvate can then be further metabolized, reconverted to carbohydrate material as free glucose, or stored as glycogen.
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Lactic acid forms yellow to colorless crystals or syrupy 50% liquid. It has multiple uses in dyeing baths, as mordant in printing woolen goods, solvent for water-insoluble dyes. It is also used for reducing chromates in mordanting wool, in manufacture of cheese, confectionery. Lactic acid is a component of babies' milk formulas; acidulant in beverages; also used for acidulating worts in brewing. It is used in prepn of sodium lactate injections, and as ingredient of cosmetics, component of spermatocidal jellies. Other uses: for removing Clostridium butyricum in manufacture of yeast; dehairing, plumping, and decalcifying hides, solvent for cellulose formate, flux for soft solder. Lactic acid is used to manufacture lactates which are used in food products, in medicine, and as solvents. It is also a plasticizer, catalyst in the casting of phenolaldehyde resins. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Its effect on eye is similar to that of other acid of moderate strength, causing initial epithelial coagulation on cornea and conjunctiva, but having good prognosis if promptly washed off with water. In man, accidental intraduodenal administration of 100 mL 33% lactic acid was fatal within 12 hours. Hyperlactatemia and lactic acidosis are among the most dangerous and life-threatening side effect that occurs during therapy with some nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Lactic acidosis is associated with both inherited and acquired metabolic diseases. Lactic acid metabolism in the presence of altered gluconeogenesis, anaerobic glycolysis, and acid-base balance is a major factor in many disorders. Lactic acid can be formed only from pyruvic acid; therefore, disorders that increase pyruvate concentration, enhance lactic acid formation, or reduce lactic acid degradation cause lactic acidosis. Inborn metabolic errors that are accompanied by derangement of metabolic pathways of glucose, pyruvate, amino acids, and organic acids as well as toxic and systemic conditions that promote tissue hypoxia or mitochondrial injury result in lactic acidosis. ANIMAL STUDIES: Applied to rabbit eyes in a standard manner, the reaction at twenty-four hours has been graded 8 on scale of 1 to 10. If allowed to remain on rabbit eyes, both the full strength acid and a 50% solution in water have caused corneal necrosis and persistent stromal scarring. Groups of male rats, five per group, were dosed with 0.5 mL of 130, 650, or 1300 mg/2000 kg body wt lactic acid via stomach tube; the control group received the same volume of water. Two rats of the 650-mg group and one rat of the 1300-mg group died within 24 hr of dosing. The rats were dosed with the same amounts of lactic acid after 8 days. Two rats of the 1300 mg group died; dyspnea, snivel, vomiting, and abdominal inflation were observed in these animals immediately after dosing. No overt toxic effects were observed in pigs given approximately 3.6-18 g/kg lactic acid in feed or water for up to 5 months. Drunken lamb syndrome has been described as lamb D-lactic acidosis syndrome. In developmental study, twelve mice were dosed daily with 570 mg/kg lactic acid by gavage on days 6 to 15 of gestation; a control group of 13 mice received distilled water. All dams were killed on day 18 of gestation. No significant difference was observed in gestational body weight gain between test and control animals, but feed consumption was significantly decreased as compared to control values. Also, relative maternal liver weight was significantly decreased as compared to controls. The only observed effect on the fetus was a statistically significant increase in delayed ossification of the parietal bones. Female rabbits were dosed orally with 0.1 - 0.2 g/kg lactic acid in 100 -150 mL water twice daily for 5 months, and five female rabbits were dosed orally with 0.1 - 0.7 g/kg lactic acid in 50 - 100 mL water twice daily for 16 months (13 months actual treatment). No tumors were reported after 5 or 16 months, respectively. Negative results were obtained when the mutagenic potential of lactic acid, 90.5% pure, in phosphate buffer was assayed in an Ames test using S. typhimurium strains TA92, TA1535, TA100, TA1537, TA94, and TA98 with metabolic activation. Negative results were obtained in an Ames test for 1000 ug/mL 11 mM lactic acid using a clonal subline of Chinese hamster fibroblasts derived from lung tissue in the absence of metabolic activation. Lactic acid was negative for chromosomal aberrations. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Feeding of 10% lactic acid to birds has been blamed for the development of polyneuritic crises resembling B1 deficiency on diets rich in carbohydrates, proteins or fats.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
暴露途径
该物质可以通过吸入其气溶胶和通过摄入被身体吸收。
The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.
来源:ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
毒理性
吸入症状
灼热感。咳嗽。喉咙痛。呼吸困难。
Burning sensation. Cough. Sore throat. Shortness of breath.
来源:ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
毒理性
皮肤症状
红肿。疼痛。
Redness. Pain.
来源:ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
毒理性
眼睛症状
红肿。疼痛。严重深度烧伤。
Redness. Pain. Severe deep burns.
来源:ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
L-lactic acid occurs in small quantities in the blood and muscle fluid of humans and animals; the concentration of lactic acid in these fluids increases after vigorous activity. L-lactic acid is also present in the liver, kidneys, thymus gland, human amniotic fluid, and other organs and body fluids.
A primed infusion study was performed /in humans/ using radioactive L-lactic acid. The virtual volume of distribution of lactate was 49.4% of body weight. The lactate pool size and turnover time were estimated as 0.029 g/kg and 18.4 min, respectively.
In the body, lactate is distributed equivalently to, or slightly less than, total body water. It diffuses readily across cell membranes, primarily by passive transport; under certain conditions, the distribution could be uneven or the lactate pool could consist of several smaller pools with differing rate constants.
The percutaneous absorption of topically applied 5% [14C]-lactic acid in an oil-in-water cream was measured using rats. After 3 days, 50% of the applied lactic acid had penetrated the skin.
已经广泛地研究了将碳水化合物转化为乳酸（LA）的方法，乳酸是一种通用的平台化学品。这些方法通常采用苛刻的反应条件，尤其是在使用水作为溶剂的情况下。在本研究中，描述了使用咪唑和环氧氯丙烷（[IMEP] Cl）的聚合体作为催化剂将水中的葡萄糖转化为LA的一锅法。在100 mC的50 mM NaOH溶液中，葡萄糖转化率为99％，可实现63％（mol％）的最高LA收率。与以前的报告相比，该方法的反应温度较低，碱浓度较低。提出了一种可能的反应机理，即聚合物的弱路易斯酸中心与中间体上的负电性氧之间的配位有效地促进了反应过程中的速率确定步骤。该途径允许容易的催化剂回收和再循环，同时提供碳水化合物转化的新策略。
BIFUNCTIONAL COMPOUNDS CONTAINING 2,5-SUBSTITUTED PYRIMIDINE DERIVATIVES FOR DEGRADING CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 2 VIA UBIQUITIN PROTEASOME PATHWAY
摘要：
The present disclosure provides certain bifunctional compounds that cause degradation of Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) via ubiquitin proteasome pathway and are therefore useful for the treatment of diseases mediated by CDK2. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds and processes for preparing such compounds.
Synthesis and antitumor activity of new thiosemicarbazones of 2-acetylimidazo[4,5-<i>b</i>]pyridine
作者：Stavros Mylonas、Athanasios Mamalis
DOI：10.1002/jhet.5570420705
日期：2005.11
A number of thiosemicarbazones of 2-acetyl-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine were prepared in order to investigate their in vitro antineoplastic activities. Three compounds: (i) 2-acetylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-4-sec-butyl-3-thiosemicarbazone [(A7), NSC674098], (ii) 2-acetylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-4-tert-butyl-3-thiosemi-carbazone [(A9), NSC674099], (iii) 2-acetylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-4-cyclohexyl-3-thiosemicarbozone
为了研究它们的体外抗肿瘤活性，制备了许多2-乙酰基-咪唑并[4,5- b ]吡啶的硫半脲。三种化合物：（i）2-乙酰基咪唑并[4,5- b ]吡啶-4-仲丁基-3-硫代半缩氨基甲酰胺[（A 7），NSC674098]，（ii）2-乙酰基咪唑并[4,5- b ]吡啶-4-叔丁基-3-thiosemicarbozone [（A 9），NSC674099]，（iii）2-乙酰基咪唑并[4,5- b ]吡啶-4-环己基-3-thiosemicarbozone [[A 11），NSC674101]对某些测试的细胞系显示出显着的活性。NCI的生物学评估委员会决定应进行进一步的二级检测（这些化合物已针对前列腺癌进行了检测）。
Oxidation of α-Hydroxy Acids with Quinolinium Dichromate - A Kinetic Study
Oxidation of lactic acid, α-hydroxyphenyllacetic acid and its 4-chloro derivative with quinolinium dichromate (QDC) in 30% (v/v) aqueous acetic acid at 303 K are first order in QDC and first-order in hydroxy acids. The reactions are acid-catalyzed and a medium of low dielectric constant favours the oxidation. The products are the corresponding aldehydes. Thermodynamic parameters are evaluated and a mechanism involving a C-C bond cleavage is proposed.
[EN] AMINOPYRIDINE DERIVATIVES AS PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL PHOSPHATE KINASE INHIBITORS<br/>[FR] DÉRIVÉS D'AMINOPYRIDINE UTILISÉS EN TANT QU'INHIBITEURS DE LA PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL PHOSPHATE KINASE
申请人：PETRA PHARMA CORP
公开号：WO2019126731A1
公开（公告）日：2019-06-27
The invention relates to inhibitors of PI5P4K inhibitors useful in the treatment of cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory disorders, and metabolic diseases, having the Formula: (I) where A, B, R1, X1, X2, and W are described herein.
CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES WHICH INHIBIT THE ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY OF HUMAN KALLIKREIN-RELATED PEPTIDASE 6 (KLK6)
申请人：Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum
公开号：EP3305781A1
公开（公告）日：2018-04-11
The invention relates to compounds which are suitable for the treatment of a disease associated with kallikrein-like peptidase 6 overexpression and to pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds. The invention further relates to a kit of parts comprising such compounds or pharmaceutical compositions.
Boron-Catalyzed N-Alkylation of Amines using Carboxylic Acids
作者：Ming-Chen Fu、Rui Shang、Wan-Min Cheng、Yao Fu
DOI：10.1002/anie.201503879
日期：2015.7.27
A boron‐based catalyst was found to catalyze the straightforward alkylation of amines with readily available carboxylic acids in the presence of silane as the reducing agent. Various types of primary and secondary amines can be smoothly alkylated with good selectivity and good functional‐group compatibility. This metal‐free amine alkylation was successfully applied to the synthesis of three commercial
