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苹果酸根 | 149-61-1

中文名称
苹果酸根
中文别名
——
英文名称
malate
英文别名
malate anion;DL-malate;2-hydroxybutanedioate
苹果酸根化学式
CAS
149-61-1
化学式
C4H4O5
mdl
——
分子量
132.073
InChiKey
BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-UHFFFAOYSA-L
BEILSTEIN
——
EINECS
——
  • 物化性质
  • 计算性质
  • ADMET
  • 安全信息
  • SDS
  • 制备方法与用途
  • 上下游信息
  • 反应信息
  • 文献信息
  • 表征谱图
  • 同类化合物
  • 相关功能分类
  • 相关结构分类

计算性质

  • 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP):
    0
  • 重原子数:
    9
  • 可旋转键数:
    1
  • 环数:
    0.0
  • sp3杂化的碳原子比例:
    0.5
  • 拓扑面积:
    101
  • 氢给体数:
    1
  • 氢受体数:
    5

SDS

SDS:8743ced9ce02192984b1f4ee11f13396
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反应信息

  • 作为反应物:
    描述:
    苹果酸根盐酸乙二胺三羟甲基氨基甲烷 、 malate dehydrogenase 作用下, 以 为溶剂, 生成 2-氧代丁二酸
    参考文献:
    名称:
    胺催化草酰乙酸脱羧的动力学机理和结构要求
    摘要:
    使用新的通用分析方法,已重新评估了pH 8.0时胺催化草酰乙酸脱羧的动力学和化学机理。通过形成亚胺中间体进行胺催化的草酰乙酸脱羧,然后使该中间体脱羧并水解以产生丙酮酸盐。草酸乙酸的减少与苹果酸脱氢酶与NADH的形成有关,这可以确定最初的甲醇胺形成(作为酰亚胺化步骤的一部分)和脱羧的速率。通过比较观察到的各种胺,特别是二胺的速率,确定了在pH 8.0下二胺催化脱羧的结构和电子要求。在pH 8.0下,发现单胺是非常差的催化剂,而有些二胺 最值得注意的是乙二胺,是出色的催化剂。结果表明,二胺的第二个氨基基团通过在甲醇胺形成步骤中充当质子穿梭,提高了亚胺的形成速率,这使二胺能够克服高水平的溶剂化作用,否则溶剂化会抑制甲醇胺的形成,从而抑制亚胺的形成。第二氨基的存在还可以提高甲醇胺脱水步骤的速率。与以前的报告相反,第二个氨基通过氢键结合到亚胺氮上来提高脱羧速率,从而稳定了在脱羧过程中在亚胺上产生的负
    DOI:
    10.1021/jo8014648
  • 作为产物:
    描述:
    2-氧代丁二酸 在 bovine heart lactate dehydrogenase A 、 还原型辅酶Ⅰ 作用下, 以 aq. phosphate buffer 为溶剂, 生成 苹果酸根
    参考文献:
    名称:
    L-2-Hydroxyglutarate production arises from noncanonical enzyme function at acidic pH
    摘要:
    酸化作用增强乳酸脱氢酶和苹果酸脱氢酶介导的从α-酮戊二酸产生L-2-羟基戊二酸(L-2HG)的非特异性反应,并稳定HIF-1α水平。代谢物2-羟基戊二酸(2HG)可以作为D-R-或L-S-手性异构体产生,每种都能抑制涉及多种生物过程的α-酮戊二酸(αKG)依赖性酶。异柠檬酸脱氢酶(IDH)的致癌突变产生D-2HG,导致细胞分化的病理阻断。另一方面,氧气限制导致L-2HG积累,这可以促进正常细胞和恶性细胞对低氧应激的生理适应。在此,我们证明纯化的乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)通过非特异性还原替代底物αKG,催化特异性产生L-2HG。酸性pH通过促进αKG的质子化形式,该形式结合到LDHA的底物结合口袋中的关键残基,从而增强L-2HG的产生。酸增强的L-2HG产生导致在常氧条件下稳定缺氧诱导因子1α(HIF-1α)。这些发现提供了关于微环境因素如何影响代谢物产生,从而改变细胞命运和功能的机制的见解。
    DOI:
    10.1038/nchembio.2307
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文献信息

  • Simultaneous Quantification of Metabolites Involved in Central Carbon and Energy Metabolism Using Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography−Mass Spectrometry and in Vitro <sup>13</sup>C Labeling
    作者:Wen-Chu Yang、Miroslav Sedlak、Fred E. Regnier、Nathan Mosier、Nancy Ho、Jiri Adamec
    DOI:10.1021/ac801693c
    日期:2008.12.15
    Comprehensive analysis of intracellular metabolites is a critical component of elucidating cellular processes. Although the resolution and flexibility of reversed-phase liquid chromatography−mass spectrometry (RPLC−MS) makes it one of the most powerful analytical tools for metabolite analysis, the structural diversity of even the simplest metabolome provides a formidable analytical challenge. Here we describe a robust RPLC−MS method for identification and quantification of a diverse group of metabolites ranging from sugars, phosphosugars, and carboxylic acids to phosphocarboxylics acids, nucleotides, and coenzymes. This method is based on in vitro derivatization with a 13C-labeled tag that allows internal standard based quantification and enables separation of structural isomer pairs like glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate in a single chromatographic run. Calibration curves for individual metabolites showed linearity ranging over more than 2 orders of magnitude with correlation coefficients of R2 > 0.9975. The detection limits at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 were below 1.0 μM (20 pmol) for most compounds. Thirty common metabolites involved in glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and tricarboxylic acid cycle were identified and quantified from yeast lysate with a relative standard deviation of less than 10%.
    详细分析细胞内代谢物是阐明细胞过程的关键组成部分。尽管反相液相色谱-质谱联用(RPLC-MS)的分辨率和灵活性使其成为代谢物分析中最强大的分析工具之一,但即使是简单的代谢组,其结构的多样性也带来了巨大的分析挑战。本文描述了一种稳健的RPLC-MS方法,用于鉴定和定量一系列广泛的代谢物,包括糖类磷酸糖、羧酸磷酸羧酸、核苷酸和辅酶。该方法基于使用13C标记标签的体外衍生化,允许基于内标的定量,并能在单次色谱运行中分离结构异构体对,如葡萄糖6-磷酸果糖6-磷酸。单个代谢物的校准曲线显示线性范围超过两个数量级,相关系数R² > 0.9975。大多数化合物的信噪比为3的检测限低于1.0 μM(20 pmol)。从酵母裂解液中鉴定和定量了涉及糖酵解、戊糖磷酸途径和三羧酸循环的30种常见代谢物,相对标准偏差小于10%。
  • Activities of Arabidopsis sinapoylglucose:malate sinapoyltransferase shed light on functional diversification of serine carboxypeptidase-like acyltransferases
    作者:Felix Stehle、Wolfgang Brandt、Jürgen Schmidt、Carsten Milkowski、Dieter Strack
    DOI:10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.03.021
    日期:2008.6
    intermediate in the proposed random sequential bi-bi mechanism of catalysis. SMT-catalyzed formation of disinapoylglucose has been corroborated by docking studies with an established homology structure model that illustrates the possible binding of two 1-O-sinapoyl-beta-glucose molecules in the active site and the intermolecular reaction of the two glucose esters. The SMT gene is embedded in a tandem cluster
    对来自拟南芥的丝氨酸羧肽酶样 (SCPL) 1-O-sinapoyl-beta-glucose:l-malate sinapoyltransferase (SMT) 的催化特性的分析表明,该酶除了主要的 l-苹果酸sinapoylation 外,还具有少量解和歧化活性,分别产生游离芥子酸和 1,2-二-O-芥子酰-β-葡萄糖。该酶从供体分子 1-O-sinapoyl-β-葡萄糖中释放芥子酸的能力表明在所提出的随机顺序双双催化机制中存在短寿命的酰基酶中间体。SMT 催化的 disinapoylglucose 形成已通过对接研究得到证实,已建立的同源结构模型说明了活性位点中两个 1-O-sinapoyl-β-葡萄糖分子的可能结合以及两种葡萄糖酯的分子间反应。SMT 基因嵌入五个 SCPL 芥子酰转移酶基因的串联簇中,这些基因编码具有高氨基酸序列同一性和部分重叠底物特异性的酶。我们假设在编码 SCPL
  • Compounds for enzyme amplification assay methadone analogs
    申请人:Syva Company
    公开号:US03966556A1
    公开(公告)日:1976-06-29
    Novel biological assay method for determining the presence of a specific organic material by employing a modified enzyme for amplification. By employing receptors specific for one or a group of material (hereinafter referred to as "ligands") and binding an enzyme to the ligand or ligand counterfeit to provide and "enzyme-bound-ligand", an extremely sensitive method is provided for assaying for ligands. The receptor when bound to the enzyme-bound-ligand substantially inhibits enzymatic activity, providing for different catalytic efficiencies of enzyme-bound-ligand and enzyme-bound-ligand combined with receptor. The receptor, ligand and enzyme-bound-ligand are combined in an arbitrary order and the effect of the presence of ligand on enzymatic activity determined. Various protocols may be used for assaying for enzymatic activity and relating the result to the amount of ligand present.
    一种新的生物测定方法,用于通过使用改良的酶进行扩增来确定特定有机物质的存在。通过使用特定于一种或多种物质(以下简称“配体”)的受体,并将酶结合到配体配体伪造物上,以提供“酶结合配体”,提供了一种极其敏感的方法来测定配体。当受体与酶结合配体结合时,会显著抑制酶的活性,从而提供酶结合配体和与受体结合的酶结合配体之间不同的催化效率。可以任意组合受体、配体和酶结合配体,并确定配体对酶的活性的影响。可以使用各种方案来测定酶的活性并将结果与存在的配体数量相关联。
  • Eliminating turbidity in serum undergoing photometric assay
    申请人:Boehringer Mannheim GmbH
    公开号:US04184848A1
    公开(公告)日:1980-01-22
    An agent for the elimination of turbidity in serum, especially in serum samples wherein photometric measurements are to be made, consisting essentially of one or more mono- or di-esters of polyethylene glycol and fatty acids of 9 to 14 carbon atoms with at most 8 ethylene oxide units per fatty acid moiety in the molecule, said esters having an HLB value of from 8 to 12.8.
    一种用于消除血清混浊度的试剂,特别适用于需要进行光度测量的血清样本,其基本成分为聚乙二醇和9至14个碳原子的脂肪酸的单酯或二酯,每个脂肪酸部分子分子中最多含有8个乙氧基单元,所述酯的HLB值为8至12.8。
  • Compounds for enzyme amplification assay - - ecgonine analogs
    申请人:Syva Company
    公开号:US03975237A1
    公开(公告)日:1976-08-17
    Novel biological assay method for determining the presence enzyme a specific organic material by employing a modified enayme for amplification. By employing receptors specific for one or a group of materials (hereinafter referred to as "ligands") and binding an enzyme to the ligand or ligand counterfeit to provide an "enzyme-bound-ligand", an extremely sensitive method is provided for assaying for ligands. The receptor when bound to the enzyme-bound-ligand substantially inhibits enzymatic activity, providing for different catalytic efficiencies of enzyme-bound-ligand and enzyme-bound-ligand combined with receptor. The receptor, ligand and enzyme-bound-ligand are combined in an arbitrary order and the effect of the presence of ligand on enzymatic activity determined. Various protocols may be used for assaying for enzymatic activity and relating the result to the amount of ligand present.
    一种新的生物测定方法,用于确定特定有机物质中酶的存在,通过采用改良的酶进行扩增。通过采用特定于一种或一组材料(以下简称“配体”)的受体,并将酶与配体配体仿制品结合,提供了一种极其敏感的测定配体的方法。当受体与酶结合的配体相结合时,会显著抑制酶的活性,从而提供酶结合配体和酶结合受体配合后的不同催化效率。可以任意组合受体、配体和酶结合配体,并确定配体对酶活性的影响。可以使用各种方案进行酶活性测定,并将结果与配体的数量相关联。
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表征谱图

  • 氢谱
    1HNMR
  • 质谱
    MS
  • 碳谱
    13CNMR
  • 红外
    IR
  • 拉曼
    Raman
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cnmr
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  • 峰位数据
  • 峰位匹配
  • 表征信息
Shift(ppm)
Intensity
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Assign
Shift(ppm)
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测试频率
样品用量
溶剂
溶剂用量
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