calcium carbonate

• 分子结构分类: 有机化合物 - 有机酸及其衍生物 - 有机碳酸及其衍生物
• 英文名称: calcium carbonate
• 英文别名: calcite；CaCO₃；limestone；aragonite；calcium;carbonate
• 化学式: CCaO₃
• 分子量: 100.087
• InChiKey: VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  -2.83
• 重原子数：
  5
• 可旋转键数：
  0
• 环数：
  0.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.0
• 拓扑面积：
  63.2
• 氢给体数：
  0
• 氢受体数：
  3

ADMET

代谢

未知

None.

来源:DrugBank

代谢

服用碳酸钙片后，它们在胃中转化为可溶的钙盐，从而使钙得以被吸收。

After ingestion /of CaCO3 tablets/, it is converted to sol calcium salts in stomach, and calcium is thereby made available for absorption.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 在妊娠和哺乳期间的影响

◈ 碳酸钙是什么？ 碳酸钙是一种膳食补充剂。碳酸钙已被用作抗酸药，以帮助缓解胃灼热、酸性消化不良或胃部不适。一些含有碳酸钙的非处方抗酸药包括Tums®、Rolaids®、Maalox®和Mylanta®。补充剂标签应列出碳酸钙的剂量以及实际的钙剂量，后者通常被称为“元素钙”。对于钙（元素钙）的推荐每日摄入量（RDA）有指导原则。对于18岁以上的孕妇，RDA是每天1000毫克。对于14至18岁的孕妇，钙的RDA是每天1300毫克。人们可以通过食用含钙的食物以及补充剂和维生素中的钙来达到其钙的RDA。如果你有可能会影响你钙水平的医疗状况，请与你的医疗保健提供者讨论你需要多少钙。务必与你的医疗保健提供者讨论你的所有接触情况，包括药物和非处方补充剂。 ◈ 我服用碳酸钙。它会让我更难怀孕吗？ 按推荐剂量服用碳酸钙不会预期使怀孕变得更加困难。 ◈ 服用碳酸钙会增加流产的风险吗？ 在任何怀孕中都可能发生流产。根据所审查的研究，按推荐剂量服用碳酸钙不会预期增加流产的风险。 ◈ 服用碳酸钙会增加出生缺陷的风险吗？ 每个怀孕都有3-5%的出生缺陷几率。这被称为背景风险。根据所审查的研究，按推荐剂量服用碳酸钙不会预期增加出生缺陷的风险超过背景风险。 ◈ 服用碳酸钙会增加其他妊娠相关问题的风险吗？ 按指示服用时，碳酸钙不会预期增加其他妊娠相关问题，如早产（出生在37周之前）或低出生体重（出生时体重低于5磅8盎司[2500克]）的风险。 ◈ 孕期服用碳酸钙会影响孩子的未来行为或学习吗？ 尚未进行研究以查看碳酸钙是否会导致孩子的行为或学习问题。 ◈ 如果我服用的碳酸钙超过推荐剂量怎么办？ 超过推荐剂量使用碳酸钙可能会导致低出生体重（出生时体重低于5磅8盎司[2500克]）。此外，服用比推荐更多的碳酸钙与乳碱综合征有关。乳碱综合征是由血液中高水平的钙引起的。这可能导致身体其他组织的钙分解，并可能导致肾衰竭。在怀孕末期使用高剂量碳酸钙时有少量新生儿惊厥的案例报告。案例报告的价值有限，因为它们可能不包括可能解释所报告结果的重要信息。 ◈ 服用碳酸钙时哺乳： 对于哺乳期的人，根据年龄的不同，推荐的每日钙摄入量（RDA）为18岁以上的1000毫克，14至18岁的1300毫克。钙存在于母乳中。当碳酸钙按推荐剂量服用时，对哺乳婴儿不太可能有害。务必与你的医疗保健提供者讨论你所有的哺乳问题。 ◈ 如果男性服用碳酸钙，会影响生育能力（使伴侣怀孕的能力）或增加出生缺陷的风险吗？ 尚未进行研究以查看碳酸钙是否可能影响男性生育能力或增加出生缺陷的风险。一般来说，父亲或精子捐献者的接触不太可能增加怀孕的风险。更多信息，请参阅MotherToBaby事实表《父亲接触与怀孕》。

◈ What is calcium carbonate? Calcium carbonate is a dietary supplement. Calcium carbonate has been used as an antacid to help symptoms of heartburn, acid indigestion, or upset stomach. Some examples of over-the-counter antacids with calcium carbonate are Tums®, Rolaids®, Maalox®, and Mylanta®.The supplement label should list both the calcium carbonate dose along with the actual calcium dose, which is often listed as ‘elemental calcium’.There are Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) guidelines for calcium (elemental calcium). For people who are pregnant and over the age of 18 years, the RDA is 1,000 mg a day. For people who are pregnant and are ages 14 to 18 years old, the RDA of calcium is 1,300 mg a day. People can reach their RDA of calcium by eating foods with calcium in addition to calcium found in supplements and vitamins. If you have a medical condition that could affect your calcium levels, talk with your healthcare providers about the amount of calcium you need. Be sure to discuss all your exposures, including medications and over-the-counter supplements, with your healthcare providers. ◈ I take calcium carbonate. Can it make it harder for me to become pregnant? Taking calcium carbonate at recommended levels is not expected to make it harder to become pregnant. ◈ Does taking calcium carbonate increase the chance for miscarriage? Miscarriage can occur in any pregnancy. Based on the studies reviewed, taking calcium carbonate at recommended levels is not expected to increase the chance for miscarriage. ◈ Does taking calcium carbonate increase the chance of birth defects? Every pregnancy starts out with a 3-5% chance of having a birth defect. This is called the background risk. Based on studies reviewed, taking calcium carbonate at recommended levels is not expected to increase the chance for birth defects above the background risk. ◈ Could taking calcium carbonate increase the chance of other pregnancy related problems? When taken as directed, calcium carbonate is not expected to increase the chance of other pregnancy related problems such as preterm delivery (birth before week 37) or low birth weight (weighing less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces [2500 grams] at birth). ◈ Does taking calcium carbonate in pregnancy affect future behavior or learning for the child? Studies have not been done to see if calcium carbonate can cause behavior or learning issues for the child. ◈ What if I take higher than recommended levels of calcium carbonate? The use of calcium carbonate in more than the recommended amount might cause low birth weight (weighing less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces [2500 grams] at birth). In addition, taking more calcium carbonate than recommended has been associated with milk-alkali syndrome. Milk-alkali syndrome is caused by high levels of calcium in the blood. This might lead to the breakdown of calcium in other body tissues and could cause kidney failure. There have been a few case reports of newborns with seizures when high doses of calcium carbonate were used near the end of pregnancy. Case reports have limited value as they may not include important information that could also explain the outcomes reported ◈ Breastfeeding while taking calcium carbonate: There are Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) guidelines for calcium (elemental calcium). For people who are breastfeeding and are over the age of 18 years, the RDA is 1,000 mg. For people who are pregnant and are ages 14 to 18 years old, the RDA of calcium is 1,300 mg.Calcium is found in breastmilk. When calcium carbonate is taken at recommended doses, it is unlikely to be harmful to a nursing baby. Be sure to talk to your healthcare provider about all of your breastfeeding questions. ◈ If a male takes calcium carbonate, could it affect fertility (ability to get partner pregnant) or increase the chance of birth defects? Studies have not been done to see if calcium carbonate could affect male fertility or increase the chance of birth defects. In general, exposures that fathers or sperm donors have are unlikely to increase risks to a pregnancy. For more information, please see the MotherToBaby fact sheet Paternal Exposures at https://mothertobaby.org/fact-sheets/paternal-exposures-pregnancy/.

来源:Mother To Baby Fact Sheets

毒理性

• 暴露途径

吸入，皮肤和/或眼睛接触

inhalation, skin and/or eye contact

来源:The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

毒理性

• 症状

眼睛、皮肤、呼吸系统刺激；咳嗽

irritation eyes, skin, respiratory system; cough

来源:The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

毒理性

• 吸入症状

咳嗽。

Cough.

来源:ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)

毒理性

• 眼睛症状

Redness.

Redness.

来源:ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)

吸收、分配和排泄

• 吸收

最大吸收发生在与食物一起服用的500毫克或更低的剂量。口服生物利用度取决于肠道pH值、食物的存在以及剂量。

Maximal absorption occurs at doses of 500 mg or less taken with food. Oral bioavailability depends on intestinal pH, the presence of food and dosage.

来源:DrugBank

吸收、分配和排泄

• 消除途径

主要在粪便中排泄。大部分通过肾脏过滤的钙在亨勒环的上升肢和近端及远端曲管中被重吸收。也通过汗腺分泌。

Excreted mainly in the feces. The majority of renally filtered calcium is reabsorbed in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle and the proximal and distal convoluted tubules. Also secreted by sweat glands.

来源:DrugBank

吸收、分配和排泄

• 分布容积

钙在被吸收并分布到细胞外液后，迅速被骨骼组织摄取。骨骼含有体内99%的钙，剩余的1%大约平均分布在细胞内和细胞外液中。

Calcium is rapidly distributed taken up by skeletal tissues following absorption and distribution into extracellular fluids. Bone contains 99% of the body's calcium and the remaining 1% is approximately equally distributed between intracellular and extracellular fluids.

来源:DrugBank

吸收、分配和排泄

钙的吸收在一个人一次摄入不超过500毫克时最佳。因此，例如，一个从补充剂中每天摄入1,000毫克钙的人应该分次服用，而不是一次性全部摄入。

Calcium absorption is best when a person consumes no more than 500 mg at one time. So a person who takes 1,000 mg/day of calcium from supplements, for example, should split the dose rather than take it all at once.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

碳酸钙中钙的吸收量通常被认为是10%，但...这取决于胃酸的数量；在一项研究中，0-2%的单次2克剂量在无胃酸的人中...被吸收，正常受试者中为9-16%，而在患有消化性溃疡的患者中为11-37%...

Amount of calcium absorbed from calcium carbonate is usually stated to be 10%, but ... depends upon amount of gastric acid; in 1 study, 0-2% of single 2 g dose was ... absorbed in achlorhydric persons, 9-16% in normal subjects, and 11-37% in patients with peptic ulcer ...

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

反应信息

• 作为反应物：
  描述：

  calcium carbonate 在 锌 作用下， 以 not given 为溶剂， 生成 一氧化碳
  参考文献：
  名称：

  PREPARATION OF CARBON MONOXIDE¹

  摘要：

  DOI：

  10.1021/ja01181a538
• 作为产物：
  描述：

  calcium 在 二氧化碳 作用下， 以 甲醇 为溶剂， 生成 calcium carbonate
  参考文献：
  名称：

  Copisarow, M.; Hillary, H. C., Journal of the Chemical Society

  摘要：

  DOI：
• 作为试剂：
  描述：

  5-醛基噻吩-2-甲酸甲酯 在 lithium hydroxide monohydrate 、 水 、 三溴化磷 、 1-丙基磷酸酐 、 三乙胺 、 calcium carbonate 作用下， 以 四氢呋喃 、 二氯甲烷 、 N,N-二甲基甲酰胺 为溶剂， 反应 18.5h， 生成 5-[(1R)-1-[(5-chloro-2-methyl-3-pyridyl)amino]ethyl]-N-[(1S)-1-(cyclopentylmethyl)-2-(cyclopropylamino)-2-oxo-ethyl]thiophene-2-carboxamide 、 5-[(1S)-1-[(5-chloro-2-methyl-3-pyridyl)amino]ethyl]-N-[(1S)-1-(cyclopentylmethyl)-2-(cyclopropylamino)-2-oxo-ethyl]thiophene-2-carboxamide
  参考文献：
  名称：

  Heterocycles as WIP1 Inhibitors

  摘要：

  The present disclosure relates to the use of substituted heterocycles for the inhibition of the activity of WIP1. Suitably, the present disclosure relates to the use of substituted heterocycles for the treatment of cancer.

  公开号：

  US20240116910A1

文献信息

• Thermal decomposition of carbonates, carboxylates, oxalates, acetates, formates, and hydroxides
  作者：Jacob Mu、D.D. Perlmutter

  DOI：10.1016/0040-6031(81)80175-x

  日期：1981.11

  Abstract A study is reported of the controlled decomposition of various metal carbonates, carboxylates, oxalates, acetates, formates and hydroxides and their common hydrates, carried out in a thermogravimetric analyzer, a differential scanning calorimeter, and a differential thermal analyzer. Various sample sizes, heating rates, and ambient atmospheres were used to demonstrate their influence on the

  摘要 报道了在热重分析仪、差示扫描量热仪和差示热分析仪中进行的各种金属碳酸盐、羧酸盐、草酸盐、乙酸盐、甲酸盐和氢氧化物及其常见水合物的受控分解的研究。使用各种样品尺寸、加热速率和环境气氛来证明它们对结果的影响。给出了中间化合物、每种化合物的分解温度范围和反应动力学的结果。
• The tin(II) halogen-substituted acetates
  作者：J. D. Donaldson、A. Jelen

  DOI：10.1039/j19680002244

  日期：——

  The solid products obtained from various tin(II)–halogen-substituted acetate systems are reported. Normal halogeno- and dihalogeno-acetates, and derivatives of the complex tri(halogenoacetato)stannate(II) species have been prepared and characterised by their infrared and X-ray data. The thermal decompositions of these materials have been studied in detail and their stability to hydrolysis reported

  据报道，从各种锡（II）-卤素取代的乙酸盐体系中获得的固体产物。制备了普通的卤代和二卤代乙酸酯，以及复杂的三（卤代乙酰基）锡酸酯（Ⅱ）的衍生物，并通过其红外和X射线数据对其进行了表征。已对这些材料的热分解进行了详细研究，并报道了其对水解的稳定性。
• Effects of silicon addition on the electrical and magnetic properties of copper-doped (La,Ca)MnO3 compounds
  作者：B. Vertruyen、A. Rulmont、R. Cloots、M. Ausloos、J.-F. Fagnard、S. Dorbolo、Ph. Vanderbemden

  DOI：10.1016/s0304-8853(03)00548-1

  日期：2004.1

  the relative amounts of copper and silicon, the temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity can be noticeably modified: our results enable us to compare the effects of crystallographic vacancies on the A and B sites of the perovskite with the influence of the copper ions substituted on the manganese site. The most original result occurs for the compounds with a small ratio Si/Cu, which display

  摘要 在本文中，我们报告了在锰位点上被铜取代和/或被反应混合物中的 SiO 2 故意污染的 La 0.7 Ca 0.3 MnO 3 化合物的电性能。已经观察和讨论了几种现象。SiO 2 添加导致形成磷灰石状第二相，其通过电荷载流子的渗透影响电传导。另一方面，根据铜和硅的相对量，电阻率的温度依赖性可以显着改变：我们的结果使我们能够比较晶体空位对钙钛矿 A 和 B 位点的影响以及影响在锰位点上取代的铜离子。最原始的结果出现在具有小 Si/Cu 比率的化合物中，
• Calcium ferrite, an efficient catalyst for knoevenagel condensation(A green approach)
  作者：Parveen Pippal、Prabal Pratap Singh

  DOI：10.13005/ojc/330418

  日期：2017.8.28

  Calcium ferrite NPs catalyst have been used as a cheaper and highly efficient catalyst for Knoevenagel condensation of active methylene substrate with various carbonyl compounds affording condensed products in excellent yields in shorter reaction time. The developed greener protocol is very simple, involving cleaner work up and the synthesized products do not require further purification. The catalyst can easily be removed and reused at least for four times without any appreciable change in reactivity.

  钙铁矿纳米粒子催化剂已被用作一种更廉价且高效催化剂，用于多种羰基化合物与活性甲基酮的Knoevenagel缩合反应，以较短的反应时间获得优异产率的缩合产物。该开发的绿色协议非常简单，包括更清洁的工作流程，并且合成的产物不需要进一步纯化。催化剂可以轻松地被去除并至少可重复使用四次，而其活性没有任何明显变化。
• Process for the manufacture of hydrogen-rich cyclosiloxane
  申请人：Evonik Degussa GmbH

  公开号：US07655206B2

  公开（公告）日：2010-02-02

  The present invention relates to a for controlled synthesis of hydrogen-rich cyclosiloxanes of the (H2SiO)n type. where n is an integer equal to or greater than 3, by reacting: a.) a halosilane of the H2SiX2 type where X=halogen with b.) a lithium salt, copper(II) salt or a salt of a metal from main group 2 or transition group 2 of the periodic table of the elements, or a mixture of these salts. The ring size is advantageously adjustable to n=3, 4, 5, 6 (especially n=4 to 6), such that larger rings are not formed. In a particularly advantageous embodiment of the process, for the selective preparation of cyclohexasiloxane (H2SiO)6, after the reaction, the solvent is at least partly removed and then solvent is added again.

  本发明涉及一种控制合成(H2SiO)n型氢富环硅氧烷的方法。 其中n是大于或等于3的整数，通过以下反应实现： a.) H2SiX2型卤代硅烷与 b.) 锂盐、铜(II)盐或元素周期表主2族或过渡2族金属的盐，或这些盐的混合物。 环大小可有利地调整为n=3, 4, 5, 6（特别是n=4至6），以避免形成更大的环。在该过程的一个特别有利的实施方式中，用于选择性制备环六硅氧烷(H2SiO)6，在反应后，至少部分去除溶剂，然后再次加入溶剂。

表征谱图