Urine was analyzed immediately, 1, 2, 8, and 9 hr after drinking (during 2 hr) 3.75 mL/kg of beverages containing orange juice, 15 or 40% ethanol, and 1 g/L of 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, isobutyl alcohol or a mixture of 1-propanol & isobutyl alcohol. Maximum urine levels /in mg/L/ were found 1 hr after drinking ended: 1-propanol 5.04, 2-propanol 3.36, 1-butanol 0.43, 2-butanol 2.55, isobutyl alcohol ... 1.7-2.03 mg/L. Urine treatment with beta-glucuronidase before analysis indicated that significant amounts of the alcohols were excreted as glucuronides, esp isobutyl alcohol. 2-Propanol and 2-butanol were the slowest to be metabolized. When mixtures of alcohols were given, the concentrations of isobutyl alcohol glucuronides were high with the mixtures containing 5 and 15% ethanol, and decreased at 40% ethanol.
Metabolism of ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, isobutanol, sec-butanol, & tert-butanol were studied after oral admin in rabbits. Blood pH was on the acid side with propanol, butanol, & isobutanol, and on the alkaline side with isopropanol & sec-butanol, but no change was observed with ethanol & tert-butanol. Butanol & isobutanol had the lowest rate of urinary excretion. Acetaldehyde and acetic acid were detected as the urinary metabolites of ethanol and propanol, whereas isobutyraldehyde & isovaleric acid were the metabolites of isobutanol.
The hydroxylation of iso-butane led to the production of both t-butyl alcohol and iso-butyl alcohol by resting cell suspensions of methane grown Methylosinus trichorsporium 0B3b, at an optimum pH of 6-7, and an optimum temp of 40 °C.
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Isobutyl alcohol is colorless, oily liquid with a penetrating, wine-like, disagreeable odor and sweet whiskey taste. Isobutyl alcohol is a solvent for surface coatings , adhesives, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, flavor, and fragrance. It is employed as an intermediate for synthetic resins. Not registered for current pesticide use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Isobutyl alcohol is rapidly absorbed following inhalation and dermal or oral exposures. In general, acute exposure to higher alcohols results primarily in CNS depression, hypotension, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. If aspirated, hemorrhagic pneumonitis may be noted. Eye exposure to vapors or liquid may result in burning, lacrimation, blurring of vision, and vacuoles in the cornea. There is a report of 3 cases with severe vertigo after handling butanol and isobutyl alcohol. ANIMAL STUDIES: Repeated inhalation by mice of 2125 ppm caused no deaths. Repeated exposures to moderate to high concentrations of isobutyl alcohol are well tolerated in rats. In a 90-day inhalation study, a reduced response to an external stimulus was noted in the exposed animals only during the exposure period. Repeated exposures did not exacerbate these transient effects. There was no evidence of neurotoxicity based on functional observational battery (FOB), quantitative motor activity, neuropathy and scheduled-controlled operant behavior endpoints. A 13-week oral gavage study conducted with isobutanol resulted in hypoactivity, ataxia and salivation in the 1,000 mg/kg bw/day dose groups. Hypoactivity and ataxia were resolved by the 4th week of the study. In addition, slight decreases in body weight gain and feed consumption were noted in the first two weeks of the 13-week study in the 1,000 mg/kg bw/day dose group. An inhalation, two-generation, reproductive toxicity study conducted with isobutyl alcohol (up to 2500 ppm) did not cause any parental systemic, reproductive, or neonatal toxicity when administered for two generations via whole-body exposure. In lifetime studies, rats given isobutyl alcohol by gavage or sc had increased incidences of total tumors including liver carcinomas, spleen sarcomas, proventricular carcinomas and myeloid leukemia, relative to controls. No adverse developmental effects were noted in rats or rabbits exposed by inhalation to 10,000 mg/cu m isobutyl alcohol during gestation. An increased rate of reverse mutation was demonstrated when Escherichia coli CA274 was treated with 0.7% isobutyl alcohol, without metabolic activation. In addition, isobutayl alcohol was negative in an in vivo mouse micronucleus study. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: The lobster (Homarus americanus) was quickly and reproducibly anesthetized by the injection of isobutyl alcohol into the abdominal sinus. Isobutyl alcohol promoted cell elongation and increased total growth of wheat roots grown in white light; a higher concentration inhibited meristematic activity.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
暴露途径
该物质可以通过吸入其蒸汽和摄入进入人体。
The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour and by ingestion.
来源:ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
毒理性
暴露途径
吸入，吞食，皮肤和/或眼睛接触
inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact
来源:The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
Urine was analyzed immediately, 1, 2, 8, and 9 hr after drinking (during 2 hr) 3.75 mL/kg of beverages containing orange juice, 15 or 40% ethanol, and 1 g/L of 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, isobutyl alcohol or a mixture of 1-propanol & isobutyl alcohol. Maximum urine levels /in mg/L/ were found 1 hr after drinking ended: 1-propanol 5.04, 2-propanol 3.36, 1-butanol 0.43, 2-butanol 2.55, isobutyl alcohol ... 1.7-2.03 mg/L. Urine treatment with beta-glucuronidase before analysis indicated that significant amounts of the alcohols were excreted as glucuronides, esp isobutyl alcohol. 2-Propanol and 2-butanol were the slowest to be metabolized. When mixtures of alcohols were given, the concentrations of isobutyl alcohol glucuronides were high with the mixtures containing 5 and 15% ethanol, and decreased at 40% ethanol.
Twelve subjects were exposed to 300 or 600 mg/cu m of butyl alcohol in inspired air during rest and during exercise on a bicycle ergometer. Exposure lasted 2 hr. The arterial blood concentration was low. The concentration in the last part of the expired air, ie, the alveolar concentration, was low. The quotient of alveolar concentration was low in relation to the low percentage uptake. The high solubility of butyl alcohol in water may explain the results.
About 618 mg/kg isobutanol was administered by gavage to rabbits. After 24 hours, 4.4% of the dose was excreted as a glucuronic acid conjugate in the urine. Analysis of urinary or breath data suggested that a negligible fraction of orally administered isobutanol was excreted as unchanged isobutanol within 40 hours after administration to rabbits.
