Volatile, colorless liquid with a sharp musty odor like rubbing alcohol. Flash point of 53°F. Vapors are heavier than air and mildly irritating to the eyes, nose, and throat. Density approximately 6.5 lb / gal. Used in making cosmetics, skin and hair preparations, pharmaceuticals, perfumes, lacquer formulations, dye solutions, antifreezes, soaps, window cleaners. Sold in 70% aqueous solution as rubbing alcohol.
颜色/状态:
Colorless liquid
气味:
Pleasant odor
味道:
Slightly bitter taste
蒸汽密度:
2.07 (NTP, 1992) (Relative to Air)
蒸汽压力:
45.4 mm Hg at 25 °C
亨利常数:
Henry's Law constant = 8.10X10-6 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C
BP 80.4 °C at 101.3 kPa; surface tension 0.0214 mN/m at 20 °C; index of refraction 1.3769 at 20 °C and sodium light, vapor pressure 4.5 kPa at 20 °C, viscosity 2.1 cp at 20 °C, completely soluble in water /91% isopropanol/
ISOPROPANOL IS OXIDIZED, MORE SLOWLY THAN ETHANOL OR N-PROPANOL, TO ACETONE, & SOME 10% OF DOSE IS EXCRETED BY RABBITS AS GLUCURONIDE CONJUGATE OF ISOPROPANOL.
METABOLISM OF ETHANOL, PROPANOL, ISOPROPANOL, BUTANOL, ISOBUTANOL, SEC-BUTANOL, & TERT-BUTANOL WAS STUDIED AFTER ORAL ADMIN IN RABBITS. BLOOD PH WAS ON THE ACID SIDE WITH PROPANOL, BUTANOL, & ISOBUTANOL, AND ON THE ALKALINE SIDE WITH ISOPROPANOL & SEC-BUTANOL, BUT NO CHANGE WAS OBSERVED WITH ETHANOL & TERT-BUTANOL. BUTANOL & ISOBUTANOL HAD THE LOWEST RATE OF URINARY EXCRETION. ACETALDEHYDE AND ACETIC ACID WERE DETECTED AS THE URINARY METABOLITES OF ETHANOL AND PROPANOL, WHEREAS ISOBUTYRALDEHYDE & ISOVALERIC ACID WERE THE METABOLITES OF ISOBUTANOL.
Alcohol dehydrogenase oxidizes most isopropanol to acetone, which the lung or kidney slowly eliminates. Acetone probably is further metabolized to acetate, formate, and finally carbon dioxide.
Liver alcohol dehydrogonase (ADH) is the major enzyme involved in the oxidation of 2-propanol. ADH oxidizes most 2-propanol to acetone. Acetone then is eliminated from the kidney & expired air. It is estimated that 70-90% of ingested 2-propanol is metabolized to acetone. Acetone is probably further metabolized to acetate, formate & finally carbon dioxide. Conversion of acetone to acetic acid & formic acid may cause acidosis. Metabolism of 2-propanol leads to a shift in NAD/NADH ratio which may cause hypoglycemia.
The metabolism of isopropanol is via oxidation by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ADH) to acetone. In common with other alpha-substituted (secondary) alcohols, isopropanol is a relatively poor substrate for ADH. The primary metabolite, acetone, is eliminated in the expired air and in the urine and also undergoes further oxidation to acetate, formate and ultimately CO2.
IDENTIFICATION: Isopropyl alcohol is an aliphatic alcohol hydrocarbon. It is prepared from propylene, which is obtained in the cracking of petroleum or by the reduction of acetone. It is a colorless liquid which is soluble in water, alcohol, ether, acetone, benzene and chloroform. It is insoluble in salt solutions. It has a slight odor resembling a mixture of ethanol and acetone and has a slight bitter taste. It is used in antifreeze, industrial solvent, solvent for gums, shellac, essential oils, in quick drying oils, creosote and resins; extraction of alkaloids; in quick drying inks; in denaturing ethyl alcohol; in body rubs, hand lotions, after shave lotions, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals; in manufacture of acetone, glycerol, isopropyl acetate; antiseptic; rubefacient ; and pharmaceutical aid. HUMAN EXPOSURE: Toxic effects include central nervous depression, liver, kidney, cardiovascular depression and brain damage. It can cause drowsiness, ataxia, stupor, coma and respiratory depression, irritation of mucous membranes and eyes, gastritis, gastric hemorrhage, vomiting, pancreatitis, cold clammy skin, hypothermia, miosis, tachycardia, slow and noisy respiration. High risk of circumstances of poisoning: Accidental ingestion of rubbing alcohols/toiletries by children. There is a potential exposure from dermal and inhalation exposure in children during isopropyl alcohol sponging for control of fever. Intentional ingestion for alcoholic effect or in suicide attempts. Occupational or accidental exposure to liquid or its vapor in industrial applications. Individuals exposed to isopropyl alcohol include the following: workers in the pharmaceutical industry, cosmetic industry, chemical industry, petroleum workers, laboratory workers, printers, painters and carpenters and cabinet makers. There is little absorption through intact skin. Isopropyl alcohol is a potent eye and skin irritant. 80% of an oral dose is absorbed within 30 minutes. Absorption is complete within 2 hours although this may be delayed in a large overdose. Alveolar concentration is correlated to the environmental concentration at any given time. Isopropyl alcohol is absorbed through intact skin on prolonged exposure. Isopropyl alcohol distributes in body water with an apparent volume of distribution of 0.6-0.7 L/kg. 20-50% of an absorbed dose is excreted unchanged. Most isopropyl alcohol is oxidized in the liver by alcohol dehydrogenase to acetone, formate and finally carbon dioxide. Acetone is slowly eliminated by the lung (40%) or kidney. Clinically insignificant excretion occurs into the stomach and saliva. Related keto acids are not produced in sufficient quantities to cause a severe metabolic acidosis. Inebriation, peripheral vasodilation has occurred. In children, hypoglycemia is particularly severe when poisoning following fasting, exercise or chronic malnutrition Lactic acidosis may occur in patients with severe liver disease, pancreatitis or receiving biguanide therapy or as a result of the hypovolemia which frequently accompanies severe intoxication. ANIMAL STUDIES: Isopropyl alcohol most closely follows first order kinetics, with a half life of 2.5 to 3.2 hours. The elimination half life of the active metabolite acetone is significantly prolonged to about 5 hours in rats. In rat hepatocytes the following has been observed: marked depletion of glutathione, increased malondialdehyde production, decreased protein sulfhydryls content and leakage of lactic dehydrogenase with loss of membrane activity.
Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence for the carcinogenicity of isopropanol in humans. There is inadequate evidence for the carcinogenicity of isopropanol in experimental animals. Overall evaluation: Isopropanol is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3).
DISTRIBUTION OF ISOPROPYL ALC ... IN TISSUES OF DOGS 4 HR AFTER ORAL ADMIN OF 90 ML OF ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL WAS DETERMINED ... USING DOGS THAT HAD BEEN GIVEN PROGRESSIVELY INCR AMT OF THE ALCOHOL FOR THE PREVIOUS 59 DAYS. ... CONCENTRATIONS OF ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL FOUND IN THE TISSUES AND BODY FLUIDS DECREASED IN THE FOLLOWING ORDER: BRAIN, URINE, HEART, KIDNEY, AND BLOOD.
Intestinal uptake of isopropanol is rapid; 80% of an oral dose is absorbed within 30 min. Complete absorption occurs within 2 hr ... . Skin absorption is probably relatively small but contributes to toxicity with prolonged contact. ... Isopropanol distribution in body water with an apparent vol of distribution of 0.6-0.7 L/kg. Two hr are required for complete tissue distribution. ... The kidney excretes 20-50% of an absorbed dose unchanged. Alcohol dehydrogenase oxidizes most isopropanol to acetone, which the lung or kidney slowly eliminates. ... Clinically insignificant excretion occurs into the stomach and saliva.
Compositions for Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis and Other Chronic Diseases
申请人:Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
公开号:US20150231142A1
公开(公告)日:2015-08-20
The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising an inhibitor of epithelial sodium channel activity in combination with at least one ABC Transporter modulator compound of Formula A, Formula B, Formula C, or Formula D. The invention also relates to pharmaceutical formulations thereof, and to methods of using such compositions in the treatment of CFTR mediated diseases, particularly cystic fibrosis using the pharmaceutical combination compositions.
champacyclin (1a) present in all three strains. Herein, we report on the isolation, structureelucidation and determination of the absolutestereochemistry of this isoleucine/leucine (Ile/Leu = Xle) rich cyclic octapeptide champacyclin (1a). As 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy could not fully resolve the structure of (1a), additional information on sequence and configuration of stereocenters
Alumina-supported Molybdenum (VI) Oxide: An Efficient and Recyclable Heterogeneous Catalyst for Regioselective Ring Opening of Epoxides with Thiols, Acetic Anhydride, and Alcohols under Solvent-free Conditions
作者:Sweety Singhal、Suman L. Jain、Bir Sain
DOI:10.1246/cl.2008.620
日期:2008.6.5
An efficient and simple protocol for regioselective ring opening of epoxides with thiols, aceticanhydride, and alcohols using 16 wt % MoO3 supported on alumina as a recyclable catalyst is described.