正二十一烷 | 629-94-7

• 物质功能分类: 有机原料 - 烃类化合物及其衍生物 - 无环烃
• 分子结构分类: 有机化合物 - 碳氢化合物 - 饱和烃
• 中文名称: 正二十一烷
• 中文别名: 二十一烷
• 英文名称: heneicosane
• 英文别名: n-heneicosane；henicosane
• CAS: 629-94-7
• 化学式: C₂₁H₄₄
• 分子量: 296.58
• InChiKey: FNAZRRHPUDJQCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

物化性质

• 熔点：
  39-41 °C(lit.)
• 沸点：
  100 °C2 mm Hg(lit.)
• 密度：
  0,792 g/cm3
• 蒸气密度：
  10.3 (vs air)
• 闪点：
  >230 °F
• 溶解度：
  可溶于氯仿、己烷
• LogP：
  11.406 (est)
• 物理描述：
  Crystals. (NTP, 1992)
• 颜色/状态：
  Crystals from water
• 气味：
  Odorless
• 蒸汽压力：
  8.73X10-5 mm Hg at 25 °C (extrapolated)
• 稳定性/保质期：
  - 远离氧化物。 - 存在于烤烟烟叶、烟气中。
• 折光率：
  Index of refraction: 1.4441 at 20 °C/D
• 保留指数：
  2100

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  11
• 重原子数：
  21
• 可旋转键数：
  18
• 环数：
  0.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  1.0
• 拓扑面积：
  0
• 氢给体数：
  0
• 氢受体数：
  0

ADMET

毒理性

• 毒性总结

识别和使用：二十一烷是一种固体n-烷烃，含有21个碳原子（C21）。固体n-烷烃（石蜡）在多种应用中使用：作为裂解以生产汽油混合料、氧化和氯化反应的原料。人类暴露和毒性：没有数据可用。动物研究：二十一烷通过腹腔注射和皮肤途径的LD50在小鼠和雌雄大鼠中均大于5克/千克。在兔子的初级皮肤刺激性试验中没有观察到显著变化。在亚急性毒性研究中，即使每天以500毫克/千克的剂量连续给药90天，也未能在大鼠中产生毒性反应。建立的未见不良效应水平（NOAEL）大于500毫克/千克。在大鼠中进行了发育研究。二十一烷以1克/千克的剂量在大鼠中既不具有胚胎毒性也不具有致畸性。

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Heneicosane is a solid n-alkane containing 21 carbon atoms (C21). Solid n-alkanes (paraffin waxes) are used in a variety of applications: as feeds for cracking them to gasoline blendstock materials, oxidation, and chlorination reactions. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: There are no data available. ANIMAL STUDIES: LD50 for heneicosane by i.p. and dermal routes was more than 5 g/kg in mice and rats of both sexes. In the primary skin irritation test in rabbits no significant changes were noted. In the sub-acute toxicity studies even 500 mg/kg dose was not able to produce toxic response in rats dosed daily for 90 days. The established no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) was more than 500 mg/kg. Developmental studies were carried out in rats. Heneicosane at a dose of 1 g/kg was neither embryo toxic nor teratogenic in rats.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 解毒与急救

/SRP:/ 立即急救：确保已经进行了充分的中毒物清除。如果患者停止呼吸，开始人工呼吸，最好使用需求阀复苏器、袋阀面罩装置或口袋面罩，按训练操作。如有必要，执行心肺复苏。立即用缓慢流动的水冲洗受污染的眼睛。不要催吐。如果发生呕吐，让患者前倾或置于左侧（如果可能的话，头部向下）以保持呼吸道畅通，防止吸入。保持患者安静，维持正常体温。寻求医疗帮助。 /脂肪烃及其相关化合物/

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 解毒与急救

/SRP:/ 基本治疗：建立专利气道（如有需要，使用口咽或鼻咽气道）。如有必要，进行吸痰。观察呼吸不足的迹象，如有必要，协助通气。通过非循环呼吸面罩以10至15升/分钟的速度给予氧气。监测肺水肿，如有必要进行治疗……。预见并治疗癫痫发作……。对于眼睛污染，立即用水冲洗眼睛。在运输过程中，用0.9%的生理盐水（NS）连续冲洗每只眼睛……。不要使用催吐剂。对于摄入，如果患者能够吞咽、有强烈的干呕反射且不流口水，则用水冲洗口腔，并给予5毫升/千克，最多200毫升的水进行稀释。给予活性炭……。用快速复温技术治疗冻伤……。/脂肪烃及其相关化合物/

/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Treat frostbite with rapid rewarming techniques ... ./Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 解毒与急救

/SRP:/ 高级治疗：对于无意识、严重肺水肿或严重呼吸困难的病人，考虑进行口咽或鼻咽气管插管以控制气道。使用气囊阀面罩装置的正压通气技术可能有益。考虑使用药物治疗肺水肿……监测心率和必要时治疗心律失常……开始静脉输注D5W /SRP: "保持开放"，最小流量/。如果出现低血容量的迹象，使用0.9%生理盐水（NS）或乳酸钠林格液（LR）。对于伴有低血容量迹象的低血压，谨慎给予液体。注意液体过载的迹象……用地西泮（安定）或劳拉西泮（安定）治疗癫痫……使用丙美卡因氢氯化物协助眼部冲洗……/脂肪烃及其相关化合物/

/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 解毒与急救

紧急和支持性措施。1. 一般措施。为所有有症状的患者提供基本支持性护理。保持呼吸道通畅，必要时协助呼吸。给予补充氧气。监测动脉血气或血氧饱和度、胸部X光片、心电图，并将有症状的患者收入重症监护室。在有明显碳氢化合物中毒的患者中使用肾上腺素和其他β-肾上腺素能药物时要小心，因为可能会诱发心律失常。2. 肺吸入。观察4-6小时后仍然完全无症状的患者可以出院。相反，如果患者在到达时咳嗽，可能已经发生了吸入。如果发生支气管痉挛和低氧血症，给予补充氧气并治疗。不要使用类固醇或预防性抗生素。3. 吞入。在绝大多数儿童意外吞入的情况下，实际吞咽的量少于5-10毫升，系统性中毒是罕见的。治疗主要是支持性的。注射。对于注射到指尖或手部的情况，尤其是涉及高压喷枪的情况，应立即咨询整形外科或手外科医生，因为通常需要迅速广泛地暴露、冲洗和清创。/碳氢化合物/

Emergency and supportive measures. 1. General. Provide basic supportive care for all symptomatic patients. Maintain an open airway and assist ventilation if necessary. Administer supplemental oxygen. Monitor arterial blood gases or oximetry, chest radiographs, and ECG and admit symptomatic patients to an intensive care setting. Use epinephrine and other beta-adrenergic medications with caution in patients with significant hydrocarbon intoxication because arrhythmias may be induced. 2. Pulmonary aspiration. Patients who remain completely asymptomatic after 4-6 hours of observation may be discharged. In contrast, if the patient is coughing on arrival, aspiration probably has occurred. Administer supplemental oxygen and treat bronchospasm and hypoxia if they occur. Do not use steroids or prophylactic antibiotics. 3. Ingestion. In the vast majority of accidental childhood ingestions, less than 5-10 mL is actually swallowed and systemic toxicity is rare. Treatment is primarily supportive. Injection. For injections into the fingertip or hand, especially those involving a high-pressure paint gun, consult with a plastic or hand surgeon immediately, as prompt wide exposure, irrigation, and debridement are often required. /Hydrocarbons/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

从阿拉伯海湾沿岸密集覆盖油沉积物的蓝绿色垫层中分离出的尼古丁节杆菌KCC B35，能够很好地以C10至C40的正构烷烃作为唯一的碳源和能源。在C20至C40的烷烃上的生长甚至比在C10至C18的烷烃上还要好。用n-二十八烷（C28）或n-二十九烷（C29）培养6小时的生物量样品，积累了这些化合物作为细胞烃组分的主要组成烷烃。在C28和C29培养细胞中，偶数链的十六烷C16和奇数链的十五烷C15是第二主要的组成烷烃。与未用烃类培养的对照细胞相比，用n-十六烷培养的细胞在其脂质中积累了更高比例的C16-脂肪酸。另一方面，C28和C29培养的细胞不含有等价链长的脂肪酸，但细胞脂质的脂肪酸模式表明，这些非常长链烷烃的中链氧化确实发生了。这种活性使得尼古丁节杆菌KCC B35有资格被用于混合物中，用于生物修复受重油沉积物污染的环境。

Arthrobacter nicotianae KCC B35 isolated from blue-green mats densely covering oil sediments along the Arabian Gulf coast grew well on C10 to C40 n-alkanes as sole sources of carbon and energy. Growth on C20 to C40 alkanes was even better than on C10 to C18 alkanes. Biomass samples incubated for 6 hr with n-octacosane (C28) or n-nonacosane (C29) accumulated these compounds as the predominant constituent alkanes of the cell hydrocarbon fractions. The even chain hexadecane C16 and the odd chain pentadecane C15 were the second dominant constituent alkanes in C28 and C29 incubated cells, respectively. n-Hexadecane-incubated cells accumulated in their lipids higher proportions of C16-fatty acids than control cells not incubated with hydrocarbons. On the other hand, C28 and C29-incubated cells did not contain any fatty acids with the equivalent chain lengths, but the fatty acid patterns of the cell lipids suggest that there should have been mid-chain oxidation of these very long chain alkanes. This activity qualifies A. nicotianae KCC B35 to be used in cocktails for bioremediating environments polluted with heavy oil sediments.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

牛的肝脏、心脏、肾脏、肌肉和脂肪（包括腹膜和皮下）组织从6只动物身上收集用于分析其烃类组成。通过气相色谱和组合气相色谱-质谱法进行了定性和定量测定。尽管比例不同，但所有样本中都发现了一组同源的正构烷烃，范围从n-C12到n-C31。还鉴定出了异戊二烯烃——植烷和植烯（植-1-烯和植-2-烯）。（这些发现与食用受烃类污染的肉类的人类健康相关。） /正构烷烃/

Liver, heart, kidneys, muscle and adipose (perirenal and s.c.) /bovine/ tissues were collected from 6 animals for analysis of their hydrocarbon composition. Qualitative and quantitative determinations were carried out by gas chromatography and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Although differing in the proportions, a homologous series of n-alkanes ranging from n-C12-n-C31 was found in all samples. The isoprenoid hydrocarbons phytane and phytene (phyt-1-ene and phyt-2-ene) were also identified. (These findings have relevance to the health of humans consuming hydrocarbon-contaminated meats.) /n-Alkanes/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

安全信息

• TSCA：
  Yes
• 安全说明：
  S22,S24/25
• WGK Germany：
  3
• 海关编码：
  29011000
• 危险品运输编号：
  NONH for all modes of transport
• 危险性防范说明：
  P261,P305+P351+P338
• 危险性描述：
  H302,H315,H319,H335
• 储存条件：
  存放在密封容器中，并放置在阴凉、干燥处。储存地点须远离氧化剂。

SDS

Name:	n-Heneicosane 98% Material Safety Data Sheet
Synonym:	None Known
CAS:	629-94-7

Section 1 - Chemical Product MSDS Name:n-Heneicosane 98% Material Safety Data Sheet
Synonym:None Known

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Section 2 - COMPOSITION, INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS

CAS#	Chemical Name	content	EINECS#
629-94-7	n-Heneicosane	98%	211-118-9

Hazard Symbols: None Listed.
Risk Phrases: None Listed.

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Section 3 - HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION
EMERGENCY OVERVIEW
The toxicological properties of this material have not been fully investigated.
Potential Health Effects
Eye:
May cause eye irritation.
Skin:
May cause skin irritation.
Ingestion:
May cause irritation of the digestive tract. The toxicological properties of this substance have not been fully investigated.
Inhalation:
May cause respiratory tract irritation. The toxicological properties of this substance have not been fully investigated.
Chronic:
No information found.

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Section 4 - FIRST AID MEASURES
Eyes: Flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the upper and lower eyelids. Get medical aid.
Skin:
Get medical aid. Flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash clothing before reuse.
Ingestion:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical aid. Do NOT induce vomiting. If conscious and alert, rinse mouth and drink 2-4 cupfuls of milk or water. Wash mouth out with water.
Inhalation:
Remove from exposure and move to fresh air immediately. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical aid.
Notes to Physician:
Treat symptomatically and supportively.

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Section 5 - FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES
General Information:
As in any fire, wear a self-contained breathing apparatus in pressure-demand, MSHA/NIOSH (approved or equivalent), and full protective gear. During a fire, irritating and highly toxic gases may be generated by thermal decomposition or combustion.
Extinguishing Media:
Use water spray, dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or chemical foam.

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Section 6 - ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES
General Information: Use proper personal protective equipment as indicated in Section 8.
Spills/Leaks:
Vacuum or sweep up material and place into a suitable disposal container. Clean up spills immediately, observing precautions in the Protective Equipment section. Avoid generating dusty conditions.
Provide ventilation.

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Section 7 - HANDLING and STORAGE
Handling:
Wash thoroughly after handling. Use with adequate ventilation.
Minimize dust generation and accumulation. Avoid breathing dust, vapor, mist, or gas. Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing.
Keep container tightly closed. Avoid ingestion and inhalation.
Storage:
Store in a tightly closed container. Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible substances.

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Section 8 - EXPOSURE CONTROLS, PERSONAL PROTECTION
Engineering Controls:
Facilities storing or utilizing this material should be equipped with an eyewash facility and a safety shower. Use adequate ventilation to keep airborne concentrations low.
Exposure Limits CAS# 629-94-7: Personal Protective Equipment Eyes: Wear appropriate protective eyeglasses or chemical safety goggles as described by OSHA's eye and face protection regulations in 29 CFR 1910.133 or European Standard EN166.
Skin:
Wear appropriate protective gloves to prevent skin exposure.
Clothing:
Wear appropriate protective clothing to prevent skin exposure.
Respirators:
Follow the OSHA respirator regulations found in 29 CFR 1910.134 or European Standard EN 149. Use a NIOSH/MSHA or European Standard EN 149 approved respirator if exposure limits are exceeded or if irritation or other symptoms are experienced.

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Section 9 - PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Physical State: Crystals
Color: white
Odor: Not available.
pH: Not available.
Vapor Pressure: Not available.
Viscosity: Not available.
Boiling Point: 100 deg C @ 2 mmHg
Freezing/Melting Point: 40 - 41 deg C
Autoignition Temperature: Not available.
Flash Point: > 110 deg C (> 230.00 deg F)
Explosion Limits, lower: Not available.
Explosion Limits, upper: Not available.
Decomposition Temperature:
Solubility in water: Insoluble.
Specific Gravity/Density:
Molecular Formula: C21H44
Molecular Weight: 296.58

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Section 10 - STABILITY AND REACTIVITY
Chemical Stability:
Stable at room temperature in closed containers under normal storage and handling conditions.
Conditions to Avoid:
Incompatible materials, dust generation.
Incompatibilities with Other Materials:
Oxidizing agents.
Hazardous Decomposition Products:
Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide.
Hazardous Polymerization: Has not been reported

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Section 11 - TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION
RTECS#:
CAS# 629-94-7 unlisted.
LD50/LC50:
Not available.
Carcinogenicity:
n-Heneicosane - Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, or NTP.

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Section 12 - ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION

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Section 13 - DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS
Dispose of in a manner consistent with federal, state, and local regulations.

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Section 14 - TRANSPORT INFORMATION

IATA
Shipping Name: Not regulated.
Hazard Class:
UN Number:
Packing Group:
IMO
Shipping Name: Not regulated.
Hazard Class:
UN Number:
Packing Group:
RID/ADR
Not regulated as a hazardous material.

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Section 15 - REGULATORY INFORMATION

European/International Regulations
European Labeling in Accordance with EC Directives
Hazard Symbols: Not available.
Risk Phrases:
Safety Phrases:
S 24/25 Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
WGK (Water Danger/Protection)
CAS# 629-94-7: No information available.
Canada
CAS# 629-94-7 is listed on Canada's DSL List.
CAS# 629-94-7 is not listed on Canada's Ingredient Disclosure List.
US FEDERAL
TSCA
CAS# 629-94-7 is listed on the TSCA inventory.

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SECTION 16 - ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
N/A

制备方法与用途

简介

正二十一烷主要来源于石油裂解制乙烯生产中的副产物，常被用作低附加值溶剂。因此，研究正二十一烷C-H键的催化选择氧化能够得到更高附加值且具有实际应用价值的含氧化合物。这些含氧化合物在进一步加工利用后，可在医药、有机化工、染料等多个行业发挥重要作用，故以正二十一烷为代表的烃类选择氧化研究具有巨大的科研价值和现实意义。

应用

正二十一烷是一种无色晶体，不溶于水的正构烷烃。作为柴油、低温改进剂以及环保液体燃料组合物的关键组分之一，它已被广泛应用于工业中。同时，在地质、原油分析、大气颗粒物及有机物等领域，正构烷烃单体也发挥着极其重要的作用。

制备

一次性制备正二十一烷的方法如下：

1. 将溴代正戊烷（1510.5g，10mol）与溴代正十六烷（3053.5g，10mol）混合均匀，形成溴代烷混合液备用。
2. 称取金属钠483g（21mol），切成小细条（面积约为1×3cm²），备用。
3. 在反应釜中投入50g溴代烷混合物以及20g金属钠，搅拌升温至80℃。通过反应自身加热并维持反应温度在120℃，不断滴加剩余溴代烷混合液，并加入金属钠保持微回流状态。加料完毕后，在140℃下恒温2小时。
4. 依次加入400克95％乙醇及1000ml水，分出有机物并用水洗至中性。用无水硫酸镁干燥后进行蒸馏，收集260～280℃的馏分；该馏分加600g浓硫酸钾洗涤至酸层浅黄色，再水洗有机相至中性，干燥并通过分馏柱收集500g96％正癸烷及600g98％正二十一烷。所得正构烷烃含量可达96％～98％。

所述的正戊烷与溴代正十六烷摩尔比为1:1，反应釜由搅拌器、分液漏斗和回流冷凝器组成。强氧化剂可选用浓硫酸或酸性高锰酸钾。

生物活性

Heneicosane是从Streptomyces philanthi RL-1-178或Serapias cordigera中分离出来的一种香气成分，同时也是一种信息素，能够抑制黄曲霉毒素的产生。

反应信息

• 作为反应物：
  描述：

  、 氨基甲酸甲酯 、 硫酸 、 1,3-二异丙烯基苯 、 disodium;carbonate 、 正十六烷 、 正二十一烷 、 alpha,alpha,alpha',alpha'-Tetramethyl meta-xylene diisocyanate 、 Meta-isopropenyldimethylbenzene isocyanate 在 氨基甲酸甲酯 作用下， 60.0~265.0 ℃ 、533.24 kPa 条件下， 反应 9.0h， 以m-TMU were formed in 65% and 24%的产率得到alpha,alpha,alpha',alpha'-Tetramethyl-meta-xylene monourethane monoisocyanate
  参考文献：
  名称：

  Tertiary aralkyl urethanes and isocyanates derived therefrom

  摘要：

  在中等温度下，在酸催化剂的存在下，通过加成相应的烯烃和氨基甲酸酯形成相应的脲酮，然后通过热解制备三级芳基异氰酸酯，例如四甲基二异氰酸二乙烯基苯。

  公开号：

  US04439616A1
• 作为产物：
  描述：

  十一烷酸 在 盐酸 、 amalgamated zinc 、 硫酸 、 sodium ethanolate 作用下， 115.0~120.0 ℃ 、2.67 kPa 条件下， 生成 正二十一烷
  参考文献：
  名称：

  Strating; Backer, Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas, 1936, vol. 55, p. 903,914

  摘要：

  DOI：
• 作为试剂：
  描述：

  (spiro-2-yl)methyl radical 在 溴苯 、 正二十一烷 、 二苯基二硒醚 、 苯硒酚 作用下， 以 四氢呋喃 为溶剂， 生成 9-allyl-9H-fluorene 、 1-Methyl-2,2-biphenylencyclopropan
  参考文献：
  名称：

  Picosecond Radical Kinetics. Fast Ring Openings of Constrained, Aryl-Substituted Cyclopropylcarbinyl Radicals

  摘要：

  The kinetics of ring openings of the exo- and endo-(2,3-benzobicyclo [3.1.0]hex-2-en-6-yl)methyl radicals (4a and 5a), the trans-(spiro[cyclopropane-1,1'-indan]-2-yl)methyl radical (6a), and the (spiro[cyclopropane-1,9'-fluorene]-2-yl)methyl radical (7a) have been studied by competition kinetics employing benzeneselenol trapping. Arrhenius functions for ring openings were determined for reactions conducted between -80 and 50 degrees C. Each radical rearranges rapidly, with rate constants at 25 degrees C of 3 x 10(11) (4a), 2 x 10(11) (5a), 6 x 10(11) (6a), and 6 x 10(12) s(-1) (7a). Precursors to these radicals represent hypersensitive mechanistic probes with unambiguous rate constants for rearrangement. The results confirm the utility of a previously employed semiquantitative method for estimating rate constants for aryl-substituted cyclopropylcarbinyl rearrangements based on Marcus theory. However, they also show that severe dihedral angles between the aromatic pi-systems and the breaking cyclopropyl C-C bonds in the energy-minimized structures cannot be used to predict kinetic effects in the rearrangement reactions. The ramifications of the kinetic results for mechanistic studies of enzyme-catalyzed oxidations of hydrocarbons that employed hypersensitive probes are discussed.

  DOI：

  10.1021/ja00099a036

文献信息

• Addition of Organocerium Reagents to Morpholine Amides:  Synthesis of Important Pheromone Components of <i>Achaea </i><i>j</i><i>anata</i>
  作者：Michele Badioli、Roberto Ballini、Massimo Bartolacci、Giovanna Bosica、Elisabetta Torregiani、Enrico Marcantoni

  DOI：10.1021/jo0263061

  日期：2002.12.1

  produce ketones. Even in the presence of substrates and reagents with high steric hindrance, the organometallic compounds prepared from dry cerium(III) chloride and organomagnesium or organolithium compounds at -78 degrees C add cleanly to morpholine amides. The low cost of starting materials makes this new scheme of synthesis very interesting for the preparation of biologically important pheromones.

  易于制备的吗啉酰胺与有机铈试剂以高收率结合，可制得酮。即使在存在高位阻的底物和试剂的情况下，由干氯化铈（III）和有机镁或有机锂化合物在-78摄氏度下制得的有机金属化合物也可以干净地添加到吗啉酰胺中。起始原料的低成本使得这种新的合成方案对于制备生物学上重要的信息素非常有趣。
• Selective Catalytic Hydrogenolysis of Carbon–Carbon σ Bonds in Primary Aliphatic Alcohols over Supported Metals
  作者：Lu Di、Sikai Yao、Mengru Li、Guangjun Wu、Weili Dai、Guichang Wang、Landong Li、Naijia Guan

  DOI：10.1021/acscatal.5b02180

  日期：2015.12.4

  chemical bonds is always of great significance in organic chemistry. The cleavage of strong carbon–carbon σ bonds in the unstrained systems remains challenging. Here, we report the selective hydrogenolysis of carbon–carbon σ bonds in primary aliphatic alcohols catalyzed by supported metals under relatively mild conditions. In the case of 1-hexadecanol hydrogenolysis over Ru/TiO2 as a model reaction system

  化学键的选择性断裂在有机化学中始终具有重要意义。在未应变的系统中，强碳-碳σ键的裂解仍然具有挑战性。在这里，我们报道了在相对温和的条件下，负载型金属催化的脂肪族伯醇中碳-碳σ键的选择性氢解。以Ru / TiO 2为模型反应体系进行1-十六烷醇氢解时，观察到碳-碳键相对于碳-氧键的选择性断裂，导致正十五烷为主要产物，少量n-十六烷。理论计算表明，在平面Ru（0001）上的1-十六烷醇氢解经历了两个平行的途径：即碳-碳键断裂产生正十五烷和碳-氧键断裂产生正十六烷。在平坦的Ru（0001）表面上去除吸附的CO是1-十六醇氢解的关键步骤。它有助于覆盖正十五烷生产中的最大能量屏障，并且通过覆盖活性Ru（0001）表面来阻碍正十六烷生产的速率。这项工作中提供的知识不仅对基本的碳-碳σ键断裂有基本的了解，而且对于将生物质实际转化为燃料和化学原料也具有重要意义。
• DEGRADATION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS TO RENDER THEM AVAILABLE FOR BIODEGRADATION
  申请人：Hong P.K. Andy

  公开号：US20080242875A1

  公开（公告）日：2008-10-02

  A method for the degradation of polycyclic aromatic compounds is disclosed that involves dissolving ozone in a bipolar solvent comprising a non-polar solvent in which is of sufficiently non-polar character to solubilized the polycyclic aromatic compounds, and a polar-water-compatible solvent which is fully miscible with the non-polar solvent to form a single phase with the non-polar solvent. The bipolar solvent with dissolved ozone is contacted with the polycyclic aromatic compounds to solubilize the polycyclic aromatic compounds and react the dissolved polycyclic aromatic compounds with the ozone to degrade the dissolved polycyclic aromatic compounds to oxygenated intermediates. The bipolar solvent is then mixed with sufficient water to form separate non-polar and polar phases, the non-polar phase comprising the non-polar solvent and the polar phase comprising the non-polar solvent and the oxygenated intermediates. The polar phase is then diluted and incubated with bacteria to biodegrade the oxygenated intermediates.

  揭示了一种降解多环芳烃化合物的方法，涉及将臭氧溶解在一种双极溶剂中，该溶剂包括一种非极性溶剂，其具有足够的非极性特性以溶解多环芳烃化合物，以及一种极性-水相容溶剂，与非极性溶剂完全互溶以形成与非极性溶剂相同的单一相。将含有溶解臭氧的双极溶剂与多环芳烃化合物接触，以溶解多环芳烃化合物并使溶解的多环芳烃化合物与臭氧反应，将溶解的多环芳烃化合物降解为含氧中间体。然后将双极溶剂与足够的水混合以形成分离的非极性和极性相，其中非极性相包括非极性溶剂，极性相包括非极性溶剂和含氧中间体。然后将极性相稀释并与细菌孵育以生物降解含氧中间体。
• Molybdenum Oxide-Modified Iridium Catalysts for Selective Production of Renewable Oils for Jet and Diesel Fuels and Lubricants
  作者：Sibao Liu、Weiqing Zheng、Jiayi Fu、Konstantinos Alexopoulos、Basudeb Saha、Dionisios G. Vlachos

  DOI：10.1021/acscatal.9b02693

  日期：2019.9.6

  alkanes. Catalyst characterization suggests that Ir is reduced to a fully metallic state to dissociate hydrogen for hydrogenation. Intact MoOx, partly covering the Ir metal surface, promotes ring opening, hydrogenolysis of etheric and alcoholic C–O bonds, and hydrogenation of C═O bonds. This study highlights the potential of low-cost metal–metal oxide catalysts with low loading of oxophilic metals to enable

  负载型金属-金属氧化物逆催化剂由于对生物质基质有效的加氢脱氧（HDO）活性而受到了广泛的研究兴趣，但是报道的催化剂的高成本对商业化提出了挑战。我们介绍了一系列金属-金属氧化物催化剂的合成，Ir-MO x / SiO 2（M = Re，Mo，W，V或Nb）和M'-MoO x / SiO 2（M = Rh，Ru ，Pt或Pd）及其在多呋喃（高碳）基材上的HDO性能，以生产可再生的喷气燃料和柴油燃料以及润滑油基础油。MoO x改性的Ir / SiO 2催化剂，Mo / Ir比为0.13（Ir–MoO x / SiO 2）在温和的反应条件下表现出最高的产品收率（78-96％）。使用探针底物的对照实验表明，饱和和不饱和呋喃环的呋喃环氢化和C–O氢解作用是按顺序发生的。与底物或中间化合物的呋喃或饱和呋喃环相邻的碳原子会经历缓慢的C–C键断裂，从而产生一小部分较轻的烷烃。催化剂表征表明，Ir被还原为完全金属态以解离氢进行氢化。完整的MoO
• Dissolving metal reduction with crown ether — reductive decyanation
  作者：Tomihiko Ohsawa、Takao Kobayashi、Yuko Mizuguchi、Takayo Saitoh、Takeshi Oishi

  DOI：10.1016/s0040-4039(00)95137-2

  日期：1985.1

  Toluene radical anion generated from potassium metal/dicyclohexano-18-crown-6/toluene system has been proved to be highly effective for reductive decyanation reaction of primary, secondary and tertiary cyanides.

  由钾金属/二环己基-18-冠-6 /甲苯系统产生的甲苯自由基阴离子已被证明对伯，仲和叔氰化物的还原性脱氰反应非常有效。

表征谱图