Uremic toxins tend to accumulate in the blood either through dietary excess or through poor filtration by the kidneys. Most uremic toxins are metabolic waste products and are normally excreted in the urine or feces.
Uremic toxins such as kynurenic acid are actively transported into the kidneys via organic ion transporters (especially OAT3). Increased levels of uremic toxins can stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species. This seems to be mediated by the direct binding or inhibition by uremic toxins of the enzyme NADPH oxidase (especially NOX4 which is abundant in the kidneys and heart) (A7868). Reactive oxygen species can induce several different DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) which are involved in the silencing of a protein known as KLOTHO. KLOTHO has been identified as having important roles in anti-aging, mineral metabolism, and vitamin D metabolism. A number of studies have indicated that KLOTHO mRNA and protein levels are reduced during acute or chronic kidney diseases in response to high local levels of reactive oxygen species (A7869).
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类无致癌性(未列入国际癌症研究机构IARC清单)。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
健康影响
长期暴露于尿毒症毒素可能会导致多种疾病,包括肾脏损伤、慢性肾病和心血管疾病。
Chronic exposure to uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease.
As a uremic toxin, this compound can cause uremic syndrome. Uremic syndrome may affect any part of the body and can cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. It can also cause changes in mental status, such as confusion, reduced awareness, agitation, psychosis, seizures, and coma. Abnormal bleeding, such as bleeding spontaneously or profusely from a very minor injury can also occur. Heart problems, such as an irregular heartbeat, inflammation in the sac that surrounds the heart (pericarditis), and increased pressure on the heart can be seen in patients with uremic syndrome. Shortness of breath from fluid buildup in the space between the lungs and the chest wall (pleural effusion) can also be present.
Tautomeric polymorphism of the neuroactive inhibitor kynurenic acid
摘要:
犬尿喹啉酸(Kynurenic acid,KYN;系统名称:4-羟基喹啉-2-羧酸,C10H7NO3)在治疗某些神经系统疾病方面显示出治疗效果,并被用作一种广谱神经保护剂。然而,人们对它的固态化学研究不足,迄今为止只报道了一种晶体形式(α-KYN-H2O)。因此,我们开始尝试合成 KYN 的其他固态形式,并获得了六种新物质:五种溶解物和一种盐。其中一种是已知 KYN 一水合物的新多晶体 β-KYN-H2O。通过单晶和粉末 X 射线衍射、热学和光谱学方法对所有晶体种类进行了进一步研究。除上述方法外,还采用了差示扫描量热法(DSC)、原位变温粉末 X 射线衍射法和拉曼显微镜来表征新形式的相行为。所有化合物都显示出 KYN 的齐聚物形式,并且根据所用结晶溶剂的不同,观察到两种不同的烯醇-酮同系物。
[EN] 3-(6-ALKOXY-5-CHLOROBENZO[D]ISOXAZOL-3-YL)PROPANOIC ACID USEFUL AS KYNURENINE MONOOXYGENASE INHIBITORS<br/>[FR] ACIDE 3-(6-ALKOXY-5-CHLOROBENZO[D]ISOXAZOL-3-YL)PROPANOÏQUE UTILE EN TANT QU'INHIBITEUR DE LA KYNURÉNINE MONOOXYGÉNASE
申请人:GLAXOSMITHKLINE IP DEV LTD
公开号:WO2016097144A1
公开(公告)日:2016-06-23
Compound of formula (I) wherein R1 is heteroaryl either unsubstituted or substituted by methyl, ethyl, halo or =O; and R2 is H, methyl or ethyl; and salts thereof are KMO inhibitors and may be useful in the treatment of various disorders, for example acute pancreatitis, chronic kidney disease, acute kidney disewase, acute kidney injury, other conditions associated with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, spinocerebellar ataxias, Parkinson's disease, AIDS-dementia complex, HIV infection, amylotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), depression, schizophrenia, sepsis, cardiovascular shock, severe trauma, acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute cholecystitis, severe burns, pneumonia, extensive surgical procedures, ischemic bowel, severe acute hepatic disease, severe acute hepatic encephalopathy or acute renal failure.
INDOLEAMINE 2,3-DIOXYGENASE INHIBITOR, PREPARATION METHOD THEREFOR, AND APPLICATION
申请人:Jiangsu Hansoh Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd.
公开号:US20190040025A1
公开(公告)日:2019-02-07
The present invention relates to an indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase inhibitor having the structure of formula (I), a preparation method therefor, and an application. The IDO inhibitor is an N′-hydroxyl-N-phenylformamidine derivative, which has a high inhibitory activity on IDO, effectively inhibits IDO activity, and may also be used to inhibit patient immunosuppression. The inhibitor may be widely applied to treat or prevent cancers or tumors, viral infections, depression, neurodegenerative disorders, trauma, age-related cataracts, organ transplant rejection or autoimmune diseases, and has the potential to be developed into a new generation of immunosuppressors.
[EN] 2-HETEROARYL-3-OXO-2,3-DIHYDROPYRIDAZINE-4-CARBOXAMIDES FOR THE TREATMENT OF CANCER<br/>[FR] 2-HÉTÉROARYL-3-OXO-2,3-DIHYDROPYRIDAZINE-4-CARBOXAMIDES POUR LE TRAITEMENT DU CANCER
申请人:BAYER AG
公开号:WO2018146010A1
公开(公告)日:2018-08-16
The present invention covers 2-heteroaryl-3-oxo-2,3-dihydropyridazine-4-carboxamide compounds of general formula (I), in which X, R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 are as defined herein, methods of preparing said compounds, intermediate compounds useful for preparing said compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and combinations comprising said compounds and the use of said compounds for manufacturing pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment or prophylaxis of diseases, in particular of cancer or conditions with dysregulated immune responses or other disorders associated with aberrant AHR signaling, as a sole agent or in combination with other active ingredients.
[EN] LEVORPHANOL PRODRUGS AND PROCESSES FOR MAKING AND USING THEM<br/>[FR] PROMÉDICAMENTS DE LEVORANOL ET LEURS PROCÉDÉS DE FABRICATION ET D'UTILISATION
申请人:KEMPHARM INC
公开号:WO2018191472A1
公开(公告)日:2018-10-18
The presently described technology provides compositions of one or more of oxoacids, polyethylene glycols, and vitamin compounds chemically conjugated to levorphanol ((-)-17-methylmorphinan-3-ol) to form novel prodrugs and compositions of levorphanol.
[EN] BENZIMIDAZOLE INHIBITORS OF THE SODIUM CHANNEL<br/>[FR] INHIBITEURS DE TYPE BENZIMIDAZOLE DU CANAL SODIQUE
申请人:ZALICUS PHARMACEUTICALS LTD
公开号:WO2012116440A1
公开(公告)日:2012-09-07
The invention relates to compounds useful in treating conditions associated with voltage-gated ion channel function, particularly conditions associated with sodium channel activity. More specifically, the invention concerns compounds (e.g., compounds according to any of Formulas (I)-(XIII) or Compounds (1)-(236) of Table 1) that are useful in treatment of a variety of diseases and conditions. Formula (I)