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    首页 分子通 按物质功能分类 生物化工 糖类化合物 双糖

    双糖

    双糖又称为二糖，是由两个单糖分子组成的糖类化合物。常见的有蔗糖、乳糖和麦芽糖。

    • 蔗糖：由一分子葡萄糖与一分子果糖脱水缩合而成，主要通过甘蔗或甜菜提取，是日常生活中最常用的食糖。在肠道中经蔗糖酶分解为单糖被吸收。
    • 乳糖：由一分子葡萄糖和一分子半乳糖组成，在肠道中通过乳糖酶分解为单糖而被吸收。乳糖仅存在于动物或人乳中，牛奶中的含量约为4%，人奶中的含量则为5.7%。在双糖中甜度最低，但对婴儿营养特别重要，也可用于运动员高糖高能液体饮食。
    • 麦芽糖：由两个葡萄糖分子脱水缩合而成，是谷物发芽过程的产物。通过淀粉酶作用，麦芽、淀粉和糖元均可生成少量麦芽糖；人体中的唾液和胰淀粉酶也可以水解食物中的淀粉产生麦芽糖。在肠道中，麦芽糖被麦芽糖酶分解成两分子葡萄糖。

    值得注意的是，游离的麦芽糖和纤维二糖并不天然存在于自然界中。前者为淀粉的部分水解产物，后者是纤维素的部分水解产物。

    蔗糖、乳糖和麦芽糖都是优质的食品原料，也用作工业用途。在医药领域，蔗糖常用于生产右旋糖酐；而乳糖则可用作片剂或散剂的赋形剂或稀释剂。

    双糖大致分为两类：有还原性的麦芽糖型双糖（如麦芽糖和乳糖）以及无还原性的海藻糖型双糖。其中，麦芽糖是淀粉的水解产物，由两个葡萄糖分子组成；乳糖特异地存在于人和动物乳汁中，由一分子葡萄糖和半乳糖构成。

    在消化道中，存在一些特定酶类可分解这些双糖，例如麦芽糖酶、乳糖酶和蔗糖酶。

    相关化合物

    中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
    —— (3S)-2,3-bis[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]butane-1,4-diol;(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol 148244-82-0 C26H38O12
    (3S)-2,3-bis[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]butane-1,4-diol;(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol
    —— 5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl a-D-maltopyranoside 177966-52-8 C20H25BrClNO11
    5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl a-D-maltopyranoside
    —— Undecyl b-D-thiomaltopyranoside 148565-57-5 C23H44O10S
    Undecyl b-D-thiomaltopyranoside
    —— Pharmakon1600-01505436 81025-04-9 C12H24O11
    Pharmakon1600-01505436
    —— 4-Aminophenyl 4-O-beta-D-threo-hexopyranosyl-beta-D-threo-hexopyranoside 42935-24-0 C18H27NO11
    4-Aminophenyl 4-O-beta-D-threo-hexopyranosyl-beta-D-threo-hexopyranoside
    —— (2S,4S,5S)-2-{[(2S,3R,5R)-3,4-Dihydroxy-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-YL]oxy}-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol 35405-71-1 C12H20O10
    (2S,4S,5S)-2-{[(2S,3R,5R)-3,4-Dihydroxy-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-YL]oxy}-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol
    —— (4S,5S)-6-[[(2S,4S,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol 499-40-1 C12H22O11
    (4S,5S)-6-[[(2S,4S,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol
    —— Gal(a1-6)Hex 585-99-9 C12H22O11
    Gal(a1-6)Hex
    —— (2S,3R,5R)-4-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyhexane-1,2,3,5,6-pentol 585-88-6 C12H24O11
    (2S,3R,5R)-4-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyhexane-1,2,3,5,6-pentol
    —— Iron saccharate 8047-67-4 C18H24Fe2O24
    Iron saccharate
    —— Galactinol 3687-64-7 C12H22O11
    Galactinol
    —— Neolactose; 4-O-β-D-Galactopyranosyl-D-altrose 497-48-3 C12H22O11
    Neolactose; 4-O-β-D-Galactopyranosyl-D-altrose
    —— α-(1,6)-mannobiose 499-40-1 C12H22O11
    α-(1,6)-mannobiose
    —— Melibiose 499-40-1 C12H22O11
    Melibiose
    —— Octa-O-acetyl-β-D-maltose 3616-19-1 C28H38O19
    Octa-O-acetyl-β-D-maltose
    —— dipotassium;(2S,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6S)-2-[[(3S,4aR,6aR,6bS,8aS,11S,12aR,14aR,14bS)-11-carboxy-4,4,6a,6b,8a,11,14b-heptamethyl-14-oxo-2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,12a,14a-dodecahydro-1H-picen-3-yl]oxy]-6-carboxylato-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylate 68797-35-3 C42H60K2O16
    dipotassium;(2S,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6S)-2-[[(3S,4aR,6aR,6bS,8aS,11S,12aR,14aR,14bS)-11-carboxy-4,4,6a,6b,8a,11,14b-heptamethyl-14-oxo-2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,12a,14a-dodecahydro-1H-picen-3-yl]oxy]-6-carboxylato-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylate
    —— (2R)-2-phenyl-2-[(2R,3R,4R,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2R,3R,4R,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxyacetonitrile 29883-15-6 C20H27NO11
    (2R)-2-phenyl-2-[(2R,3R,4R,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2R,3R,4R,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxyacetonitrile
    —— (3S,5R,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(2R,4R,6R)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxane-3,4,5-triol 528-50-7 C12H22O11
    (3S,5R,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(2R,4R,6R)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxane-3,4,5-triol
    —— Mellibiose 585-99-9 C12H22O11
    Mellibiose
    —— Maltulose H2O 207511-09-9 C12H24O12
    Maltulose H2O
    —— N-[5-[(4S)-3-acetamido-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-2,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]acetamide 35061-50-8 C16H28N2O11
    N-[5-[(4S)-3-acetamido-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-2,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]acetamide
    —— (2R)-2-phenyl-2-[(4S,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(3R,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxyacetonitrile 29883-15-6 C20H27NO11
    (2R)-2-phenyl-2-[(4S,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(3R,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxyacetonitrile
    —— Sucrose 57-50-1 C12H22O11
    Sucrose
    —— D-Galactopyranoside, D-fructofuranosyl 57-50-1 C12H22O11
    D-Galactopyranoside, D-fructofuranosyl
    —— α-D-cellobiose octaacetate 5346-90-7 C28H38O19
    α-D-cellobiose octaacetate
    —— α-Cellobiose 133-99-3 C12H22O11
    α-Cellobiose
    —— Cellobiose 133-99-3 C12H22O11
    Cellobiose
    —— α-lactose 133-99-3 C12H22O11
    α-lactose
    —— 4-O-β-D-Mannopyranosyl-D-mannose 133-99-3 C12H22O11
    4-O-β-D-Mannopyranosyl-D-mannose
    —— β-D-Glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-α-D-galactopyranose; Lycobiose 133-99-3 C12H22O11
    β-D-Glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-α-D-galactopyranose; Lycobiose
    —— cellobiose β-(1->4) 133-99-3 C12H22O11
    cellobiose β-(1->4)
    —— 4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-D-galactose 133-99-3 C12H22O11
    4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-D-galactose
    —— Epimaltose 133-99-3 C12H22O11
    Epimaltose
    —— lactose 133-99-3 C12H22O11
    lactose
    —— Glucomannan 133-99-3 C12H22O11
    Glucomannan
    —— Mannobiose 133-99-3 C12H22O11
    Mannobiose
    —— Lactose 133-99-3 C12H22O11
    Lactose
    —— 4-O-(β-D-Mannopyranosyl)-D-galactopyranose 133-99-3 C12H22O11
    4-O-(β-D-Mannopyranosyl)-D-galactopyranose
    —— β-D-Cellobiose 133-99-3 C12H22O11
    β-D-Cellobiose
    —— p-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-4-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranoside 7284-16-4 C22H31N3O13
    p-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-4-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranoside
    —— cellobiitol 499-16-1 C12H24O11
    cellobiitol
    —— O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->3)-D-galactitol 499-16-1 C12H24O11
    O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->3)-D-galactitol
    —— neoamygdalin 29883-15-6 C20H27NO11
    neoamygdalin
    —— 4-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-D-mannose 133-99-3 C12H22O11
    4-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-D-mannose
    —— naringin 29838-68-4 C27H32O14
    naringin
    —— 2R-Naringin 10236-47-2 C27H32O14
    2R-Naringin
    —— 4-O-αa-D-glucopyranosyl-D-allose 133-99-3 C12H22O11
    4-O-αa-D-glucopyranosyl-D-allose
    —— α-D-galactosyl-(1→3)-1D-myo-inositol 3687-64-7 C12H22O11
    α-D-galactosyl-(1→3)-1D-myo-inositol
    —— N,N'-Diacetylchitobiose 35061-50-8 C16H28N2O11
    N,N'-Diacetylchitobiose
    —— Lactose 63-42-3 C12H22O11
    Lactose