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    首页 分子通 按物质功能分类 生物化工 糖类化合物 双糖

    双糖

    双糖又称为二糖，是由两个单糖分子组成的糖类化合物。常见的有蔗糖、乳糖和麦芽糖。

    • 蔗糖：由一分子葡萄糖与一分子果糖脱水缩合而成，主要通过甘蔗或甜菜提取，是日常生活中最常用的食糖。在肠道中经蔗糖酶分解为单糖被吸收。
    • 乳糖：由一分子葡萄糖和一分子半乳糖组成，在肠道中通过乳糖酶分解为单糖而被吸收。乳糖仅存在于动物或人乳中，牛奶中的含量约为4%，人奶中的含量则为5.7%。在双糖中甜度最低，但对婴儿营养特别重要，也可用于运动员高糖高能液体饮食。
    • 麦芽糖：由两个葡萄糖分子脱水缩合而成，是谷物发芽过程的产物。通过淀粉酶作用，麦芽、淀粉和糖元均可生成少量麦芽糖；人体中的唾液和胰淀粉酶也可以水解食物中的淀粉产生麦芽糖。在肠道中，麦芽糖被麦芽糖酶分解成两分子葡萄糖。

    值得注意的是，游离的麦芽糖和纤维二糖并不天然存在于自然界中。前者为淀粉的部分水解产物，后者是纤维素的部分水解产物。

    蔗糖、乳糖和麦芽糖都是优质的食品原料，也用作工业用途。在医药领域，蔗糖常用于生产右旋糖酐；而乳糖则可用作片剂或散剂的赋形剂或稀释剂。

    双糖大致分为两类：有还原性的麦芽糖型双糖（如麦芽糖和乳糖）以及无还原性的海藻糖型双糖。其中，麦芽糖是淀粉的水解产物，由两个葡萄糖分子组成；乳糖特异地存在于人和动物乳汁中，由一分子葡萄糖和半乳糖构成。

    在消化道中，存在一些特定酶类可分解这些双糖，例如麦芽糖酶、乳糖酶和蔗糖酶。

    相关化合物

    中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
    一水乳糖 d-(+)-Lactose monohydrate 64044-51-5 C12H24O12
    一水乳糖
    β-乳糖 LACTOSE 5965-66-2 C12H22O11
    β-乳糖
    β-D-麦芽糖八乙酸酯 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl acetate 22352-19-8 C28H38O19
    β-D-麦芽糖八乙酸酯
    N,N'-二乙酰基壳二糖 (GlcNAc)<sub>2</sub> 35061-50-8 C16H28N2O11
    N,N'-二乙酰基壳二糖
    D-纤维二糖烯 maltal 490-51-7 C12H20O9
    D-纤维二糖烯
    D-纤维二糖 cellobiose 528-50-7 C12H22O11
    D-纤维二糖
    D-(+)-纤维二糖 Maltose 133-99-3 C12H22O11
    D-(+)-纤维二糖
    6-O-乙酰氧-2,3,4-三(2-甲基丙酰氧)-β-D-呋喃果糖-6-乙酰基-1,3,4-三-O-(2-甲基-1-氧丙基)-α-D-吡喃葡糖苷 alpha-D-Glucopyranoside, beta-D-fructofuranosyl, diacetate hexakis(2-methylpropanoate) 126-13-6 C40H62O19
    6-O-乙酰氧-2,3,4-三(2-甲基丙酰氧)-β-D-呋喃果糖-6-乙酰基-1,3,4-三-O-(2-甲基-1-氧丙基)-α-D-吡喃葡糖苷
    6-O-(2,3,4-三-O-乙酰基-6-脱氧-alpha-L-甘露糖基)-beta-D-吡喃葡萄糖四乙酸酯 Neryl 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-6-O-(2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-6-O-deoxy-α-L-mannopyranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside 5239-09-8 C26H36O17
    6-O-(2,3,4-三-O-乙酰基-6-脱氧-alpha-L-甘露糖基)-beta-D-吡喃葡萄糖四乙酸酯
    5-溴-4-氯-3-吲哚-Β-D-纤维二糖糖苷 5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-D-cellobioside 177966-52-8 C20H25BrClNO11
    5-溴-4-氯-3-吲哚-Β-D-纤维二糖糖苷
    5-溴-4-氯-3-吲哚-Α-D-麦芽三糖糖苷 5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-alpha-D-maltotriose 341972-94-9 C26H35BrClNO16
    5-溴-4-氯-3-吲哚-Α-D-麦芽三糖糖苷
    4-硝基苯基-β-D-纤维二糖苷 p-nitrophenyl β-D-cellobioside 3482-57-3 C18H25NO13
    4-硝基苯基-β-D-纤维二糖苷
    4-硝基苯基-Β-D-麦牙糖苷 p-nitrophenyl β-D-maltoside 56846-39-0 C18H25NO13
    4-硝基苯基-Β-D-麦牙糖苷
    4-甲基伞形酮基 beta-D-N,N’-二乙酰基壳二糖糖苷 4-methylumbelliferyl N,N'-diacetyl-β-D-chitobioside 53643-12-2 C26H34N2O13
    4-甲基伞形酮基 beta-D-N,N’-二乙酰基壳二糖糖苷
    4-甲基伞形酮-Β-D-纤维素二糖苷 4-methylumbellifer-7-yl-β-D-cellobioside 72626-61-0 C22H28O13
    4-甲基伞形酮-Β-D-纤维素二糖苷
    4-甲基伞形-β-D-乳吡喃糖苷 4-methylumbelliferyl β-D-lactoside 84325-23-5 C22H28O13
    4-甲基伞形-β-D-乳吡喃糖苷
    4-氨基苯基-Β-D-吡喃纤维二糖苷 p-aminophenyl β-cellobioside 42935-24-0 C18H27NO11
    4-氨基苯基-Β-D-吡喃纤维二糖苷
    4-O-β-D-吡喃半乳糖基-D-葡糖醇 lactitol monohydrate 81025-04-9 C12H24O11*H2O
    4-O-β-D-吡喃半乳糖基-D-葡糖醇
    3-O-(Α-D-吡喃半乳糖基)-D-半乳糖 α-Galp-(1->3)-Gal 497-48-3 C12H22O11
    3-O-(Α-D-吡喃半乳糖基)-D-半乳糖
    2-硝基苯基-Β-D-纤维二糖苷 o-nitrophenyl-β-D-cellobioside 70867-33-3 C18H25NO13
    2-硝基苯基-Β-D-纤维二糖苷
    2-氯-4-硝基苯基-beta-d-纤维二糖 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl cellobioside 135743-28-1 C18H24ClNO13
    2-氯-4-硝基苯基-beta-d-纤维二糖
    2-氯-4-硝基苯基-beta-d-神经酰胺乳糖苷 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl β-D-lactoside 120583-41-7 C18H24ClNO13
    2-氯-4-硝基苯基-beta-d-神经酰胺乳糖苷
    2,3-双(3-甲氧基-4-羟基苄基)丁烷-1,4-二醇 1,4-二葡萄糖甙 secoisolariciresinol diglucoside 158932-33-3 C32H46O16
    2,3-双(3-甲氧基-4-羟基苄基)丁烷-1,4-二醇 1,4-二葡萄糖甙
    1-脱氧-1-硝基-D-半乳糖醇 1-Desoxy-1-nitro-D-galacto-hexitol 20971-06-6 C6H13NO7
    1-脱氧-1-硝基-D-半乳糖醇
    1,6-脱水-B-D-纤维二糖 1,6-anhydro-β-D-cellobiose 35405-71-1 C12H20O10
    1,6-脱水-B-D-纤维二糖
    —— 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-2-deoxy-2-acetamido-1,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-α-D-glucopyranose 36954-63-9 C28H39NO18
    2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-2-deoxy-2-acetamido-1,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-α-D-glucopyranose
    —— 2-Acetamido-4-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-2-deoxy-D-glucose 35061-50-8 C16H28N2O11
    2-Acetamido-4-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-2-deoxy-D-glucose
    —— O-beta-D-Glucopyranosyl-(1-4)-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-4)-D-glucitol 6918-42-9 C18H34O16
    O-beta-D-Glucopyranosyl-(1-4)-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-4)-D-glucitol
    —— 1-{4-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-Dihydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-3-((2S,3S,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyl-tetrahydro-pyran-2-yloxy)-tetrahydro-pyran-2-yloxy]-2,6-dihydroxy-phenyl}-3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-propan-1-one 20702-77-6 C28H36O15
    1-{4-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-Dihydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-3-((2S,3S,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyl-tetrahydro-pyran-2-yloxy)-tetrahydro-pyran-2-yloxy]-2,6-dihydroxy-phenyl}-3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-propan-1-one
    —— (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5-Tetrahydroxy-6-(((2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)hexanal hydrate 66009-10-7 C12H22O11.H2O
    (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5-Tetrahydroxy-6-(((2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)hexanal hydrate
    —— β-glycyrrhizinic acid trisodium salt 11052-19-0 C42H59O16*3Na
    β-glycyrrhizinic acid trisodium salt
    —— benzyl hepta-O-acetyl-α,β-cellobioside 57764-18-8 C33H42O18
    benzyl hepta-O-acetyl-α,β-cellobioside
    —— anhydrotetracycline hydrochloride 4465-65-0 C22H22N2O7*2ClH
    anhydrotetracycline hydrochloride
    —— O1,O2,O3,O4-Tetraacetyl-O6-(tri-O-acetyl-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-ξ-D-galactopyranose 5239-09-8 C26H36O17
    O1,O2,O3,O4-Tetraacetyl-O6-(tri-O-acetyl-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-ξ-D-galactopyranose
    —— 4-O-beta-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-mannose 63-42-3 C12H22O11
    4-O-beta-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-mannose
    —— LACTOSE, MONOHYDRATE 5989-81-1 C12H22O11*H2O
    LACTOSE, MONOHYDRATE
    —— <i>O</i><sup>4</sup>-β-D-galactopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranose; compound with calcium bromide 5989-81-1 C12H22O11*7H2O*Br2Ca
    <i>O</i><sup>4</sup>-β-D-galactopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranose; compound with calcium bromide
    —— <i>O</i><sup>4</sup>-β-D-galactopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranose; compound with calcium iodide 5989-81-1 C12H22O11*3H2O*CaI2
    <i>O</i><sup>4</sup>-β-D-galactopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranose; compound with calcium iodide
    —— <i>O</i><sup>4</sup>-β-D-galactopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranose; compound with calcium chloride 5989-81-1 C12H22O11*7H2O*CaCl2
    <i>O</i><sup>4</sup>-β-D-galactopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranose; compound with calcium chloride
    —— (2R)-2-phenyl-2-[(2R,4R,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2R,4R,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxyacetonitrile 29883-15-6 C20H27NO11
    (2R)-2-phenyl-2-[(2R,4R,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2R,4R,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxyacetonitrile
    —— (3S,4R,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(3S,4S,6R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4,5,6-tris(oxidanyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy-oxane-3,4,5-triol 9004-34-6 C12H22O11
    (3S,4R,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(3S,4S,6R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4,5,6-tris(oxidanyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy-oxane-3,4,5-triol
    —— sucrose acetate isobutyrate 126-13-6 C40H62O19
    sucrose acetate isobutyrate
    —— D-Lactose monohydrate 64044-51-5 C12H24O12
    D-Lactose monohydrate
    —— (2R)-2-phenyl-2-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxyacetonitrile 29883-15-6 C20H27NO11
    (2R)-2-phenyl-2-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxyacetonitrile
    —— 2-Nitrophenyl beta-D-cellobioside 70867-33-3 C18H25NO13
    2-Nitrophenyl beta-D-cellobioside
    —— D-Glucitol, 4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl- 585-88-6 C12H24O11
    D-Glucitol, 4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-
    —— Acetobromocellobiose 14257-35-3 C26H35BrO17
    Acetobromocellobiose
    —— Sucroferric oxyhydroxide 8047-67-4 C12H29Fe5Na2O23
    Sucroferric oxyhydroxide
    —— alpha-D-Lactose monohydrate, ACS 64044-51-5 C12H22O11.H2O
    alpha-D-Lactose monohydrate, ACS
    —— 6-Chloro-3-indolyl beta-D-cellobioside 425427-87-8 C20H26ClNO11
    6-Chloro-3-indolyl beta-D-cellobioside