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    首页 分子通 按物质功能分类 生物化工 糖类化合物 双糖

    双糖

    双糖又称为二糖，是由两个单糖分子组成的糖类化合物。常见的有蔗糖、乳糖和麦芽糖。

    • 蔗糖：由一分子葡萄糖与一分子果糖脱水缩合而成，主要通过甘蔗或甜菜提取，是日常生活中最常用的食糖。在肠道中经蔗糖酶分解为单糖被吸收。
    • 乳糖：由一分子葡萄糖和一分子半乳糖组成，在肠道中通过乳糖酶分解为单糖而被吸收。乳糖仅存在于动物或人乳中，牛奶中的含量约为4%，人奶中的含量则为5.7%。在双糖中甜度最低，但对婴儿营养特别重要，也可用于运动员高糖高能液体饮食。
    • 麦芽糖：由两个葡萄糖分子脱水缩合而成，是谷物发芽过程的产物。通过淀粉酶作用，麦芽、淀粉和糖元均可生成少量麦芽糖；人体中的唾液和胰淀粉酶也可以水解食物中的淀粉产生麦芽糖。在肠道中，麦芽糖被麦芽糖酶分解成两分子葡萄糖。

    值得注意的是，游离的麦芽糖和纤维二糖并不天然存在于自然界中。前者为淀粉的部分水解产物，后者是纤维素的部分水解产物。

    蔗糖、乳糖和麦芽糖都是优质的食品原料，也用作工业用途。在医药领域，蔗糖常用于生产右旋糖酐；而乳糖则可用作片剂或散剂的赋形剂或稀释剂。

    双糖大致分为两类：有还原性的麦芽糖型双糖（如麦芽糖和乳糖）以及无还原性的海藻糖型双糖。其中，麦芽糖是淀粉的水解产物，由两个葡萄糖分子组成；乳糖特异地存在于人和动物乳汁中，由一分子葡萄糖和半乳糖构成。

    在消化道中，存在一些特定酶类可分解这些双糖，例如麦芽糖酶、乳糖酶和蔗糖酶。

    相关化合物

    中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
    D-纤维二糖 cellobiose 528-50-7 C12H22O11
    D-纤维二糖
    6-O-乙酰氧-2,3,4-三(2-甲基丙酰氧)-β-D-呋喃果糖-6-乙酰基-1,3,4-三-O-(2-甲基-1-氧丙基)-α-D-吡喃葡糖苷 alpha-D-Glucopyranoside, beta-D-fructofuranosyl, diacetate hexakis(2-methylpropanoate) 126-13-6 C40H62O19
    6-O-乙酰氧-2,3,4-三(2-甲基丙酰氧)-β-D-呋喃果糖-6-乙酰基-1,3,4-三-O-(2-甲基-1-氧丙基)-α-D-吡喃葡糖苷
    5-溴-4-氯-3-吲哚-Β-D-纤维二糖糖苷 5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-D-cellobioside 177966-52-8 C20H25BrClNO11
    5-溴-4-氯-3-吲哚-Β-D-纤维二糖糖苷
    5-溴-4-氯-3-吲哚-Α-D-麦芽三糖糖苷 5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-alpha-D-maltotriose 341972-94-9 C26H35BrClNO16
    5-溴-4-氯-3-吲哚-Α-D-麦芽三糖糖苷
    4-硝基苯基-β-D-纤维二糖苷 p-nitrophenyl β-D-cellobioside 3482-57-3 C18H25NO13
    4-硝基苯基-β-D-纤维二糖苷
    4-硝基苯基-Β-D-麦牙糖苷 p-nitrophenyl β-D-maltoside 56846-39-0 C18H25NO13
    4-硝基苯基-Β-D-麦牙糖苷
    4-甲基伞形酮基 beta-D-N,N’-二乙酰基壳二糖糖苷 4-methylumbelliferyl N,N'-diacetyl-β-D-chitobioside 53643-12-2 C26H34N2O13
    4-甲基伞形酮基 beta-D-N,N’-二乙酰基壳二糖糖苷
    4-甲基伞形酮-Β-D-纤维素二糖苷 4-methylumbellifer-7-yl-β-D-cellobioside 72626-61-0 C22H28O13
    4-甲基伞形酮-Β-D-纤维素二糖苷
    4-甲基伞形-β-D-乳吡喃糖苷 4-methylumbelliferyl β-D-lactoside 84325-23-5 C22H28O13
    4-甲基伞形-β-D-乳吡喃糖苷
    4-氨基苯基-Β-D-吡喃纤维二糖苷 p-aminophenyl β-cellobioside 42935-24-0 C18H27NO11
    4-氨基苯基-Β-D-吡喃纤维二糖苷
    4-O-β-D-吡喃半乳糖基-D-葡糖醇 lactitol monohydrate 81025-04-9 C12H24O11*H2O
    4-O-β-D-吡喃半乳糖基-D-葡糖醇
    3-O-(Α-D-吡喃半乳糖基)-D-半乳糖 α-Galp-(1->3)-Gal 497-48-3 C12H22O11
    3-O-(Α-D-吡喃半乳糖基)-D-半乳糖
    2-硝基苯基-Β-D-纤维二糖苷 o-nitrophenyl-β-D-cellobioside 70867-33-3 C18H25NO13
    2-硝基苯基-Β-D-纤维二糖苷
    2-氯-4-硝基苯基-beta-d-纤维二糖 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl cellobioside 135743-28-1 C18H24ClNO13
    2-氯-4-硝基苯基-beta-d-纤维二糖
    2-氯-4-硝基苯基-beta-d-神经酰胺乳糖苷 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl β-D-lactoside 120583-41-7 C18H24ClNO13
    2-氯-4-硝基苯基-beta-d-神经酰胺乳糖苷
    1-脱氧-1-硝基-D-半乳糖醇 1-Desoxy-1-nitro-D-galacto-hexitol 20971-06-6 C6H13NO7
    1-脱氧-1-硝基-D-半乳糖醇
    1,6-脱水-B-D-纤维二糖 1,6-anhydro-β-D-cellobiose 35405-71-1 C12H20O10
    1,6-脱水-B-D-纤维二糖
    —— (2R)-2-phenyl-2-[(2R,4R,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2R,4R,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxyacetonitrile 29883-15-6 C20H27NO11
    (2R)-2-phenyl-2-[(2R,4R,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2R,4R,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxyacetonitrile
    —— sucrose acetate isobutyrate 126-13-6 C40H62O19
    sucrose acetate isobutyrate
    —— D-Lactose monohydrate 64044-51-5 C12H24O12
    D-Lactose monohydrate
    —— (2R)-2-phenyl-2-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxyacetonitrile 29883-15-6 C20H27NO11
    (2R)-2-phenyl-2-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxyacetonitrile
    —— 2-Nitrophenyl beta-D-cellobioside 70867-33-3 C18H25NO13
    2-Nitrophenyl beta-D-cellobioside
    —— D-Glucitol, 4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl- 585-88-6 C12H24O11
    D-Glucitol, 4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-
    —— Acetobromocellobiose 14257-35-3 C26H35BrO17
    Acetobromocellobiose
    —— Sucroferric oxyhydroxide 8047-67-4 C12H29Fe5Na2O23
    Sucroferric oxyhydroxide
    —— alpha-D-Lactose monohydrate, ACS 64044-51-5 C12H22O11.H2O
    alpha-D-Lactose monohydrate, ACS
    —— 6-Chloro-3-indolyl beta-D-cellobioside 425427-87-8 C20H26ClNO11
    6-Chloro-3-indolyl beta-D-cellobioside
    —— (3S)-2,3-bis[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]butane-1,4-diol;(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol 148244-82-0 C26H38O12
    (3S)-2,3-bis[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]butane-1,4-diol;(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol
    —— 5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl a-D-maltopyranoside 177966-52-8 C20H25BrClNO11
    5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl a-D-maltopyranoside
    —— Undecyl b-D-thiomaltopyranoside 148565-57-5 C23H44O10S
    Undecyl b-D-thiomaltopyranoside
    —— Pharmakon1600-01505436 81025-04-9 C12H24O11
    Pharmakon1600-01505436
    —— 4-Aminophenyl 4-O-beta-D-threo-hexopyranosyl-beta-D-threo-hexopyranoside 42935-24-0 C18H27NO11
    4-Aminophenyl 4-O-beta-D-threo-hexopyranosyl-beta-D-threo-hexopyranoside
    —— (2S,4S,5S)-2-{[(2S,3R,5R)-3,4-Dihydroxy-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-YL]oxy}-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol 35405-71-1 C12H20O10
    (2S,4S,5S)-2-{[(2S,3R,5R)-3,4-Dihydroxy-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-YL]oxy}-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol
    —— (4S,5S)-6-[[(2S,4S,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol 499-40-1 C12H22O11
    (4S,5S)-6-[[(2S,4S,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol
    —— Gal(a1-6)Hex 585-99-9 C12H22O11
    Gal(a1-6)Hex
    —— (2S,3R,5R)-4-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyhexane-1,2,3,5,6-pentol 585-88-6 C12H24O11
    (2S,3R,5R)-4-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyhexane-1,2,3,5,6-pentol
    —— Iron saccharate 8047-67-4 C18H24Fe2O24
    Iron saccharate
    —— Galactinol 3687-64-7 C12H22O11
    Galactinol
    —— Neolactose; 4-O-β-D-Galactopyranosyl-D-altrose 497-48-3 C12H22O11
    Neolactose; 4-O-β-D-Galactopyranosyl-D-altrose
    —— α-(1,6)-mannobiose 499-40-1 C12H22O11
    α-(1,6)-mannobiose
    —— Melibiose 499-40-1 C12H22O11
    Melibiose
    —— Octa-O-acetyl-β-D-maltose 3616-19-1 C28H38O19
    Octa-O-acetyl-β-D-maltose
    —— dipotassium;(2S,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6S)-2-[[(3S,4aR,6aR,6bS,8aS,11S,12aR,14aR,14bS)-11-carboxy-4,4,6a,6b,8a,11,14b-heptamethyl-14-oxo-2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,12a,14a-dodecahydro-1H-picen-3-yl]oxy]-6-carboxylato-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylate 68797-35-3 C42H60K2O16
    dipotassium;(2S,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6S)-2-[[(3S,4aR,6aR,6bS,8aS,11S,12aR,14aR,14bS)-11-carboxy-4,4,6a,6b,8a,11,14b-heptamethyl-14-oxo-2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,12a,14a-dodecahydro-1H-picen-3-yl]oxy]-6-carboxylato-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylate
    —— (2R)-2-phenyl-2-[(2R,3R,4R,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2R,3R,4R,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxyacetonitrile 29883-15-6 C20H27NO11
    (2R)-2-phenyl-2-[(2R,3R,4R,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2R,3R,4R,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxyacetonitrile
    —— (3S,5R,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(2R,4R,6R)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxane-3,4,5-triol 528-50-7 C12H22O11
    (3S,5R,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(2R,4R,6R)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxane-3,4,5-triol
    —— Mellibiose 585-99-9 C12H22O11
    Mellibiose
    —— Maltulose H2O 207511-09-9 C12H24O12
    Maltulose H2O
    —— N-[5-[(4S)-3-acetamido-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-2,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]acetamide 35061-50-8 C16H28N2O11
    N-[5-[(4S)-3-acetamido-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-2,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]acetamide
    —— (2R)-2-phenyl-2-[(4S,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(3R,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxyacetonitrile 29883-15-6 C20H27NO11
    (2R)-2-phenyl-2-[(4S,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(3R,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxyacetonitrile
    —— Sucrose 57-50-1 C12H22O11
    Sucrose