Hepatic. Rapidly converted in the liver to the primary metabolite, albendazole sulfoxide, which is further metabolized to albendazole sulfone and other primary oxidative metabolites that have been identified in human urine.
Albendazole is converted first to a sulfoxide and then to a sulfone. All of these reactions are catalyzed by flavin monooxygenases (FMO) and/or cytochrome P450. Both enzymes are efficient catalysts of S-oxygenation ...
Albendazole is metabolized in the liver to an active metabolite, albendazole sulfoxide, which accounts for detectable plasma concentrations of the drug; systemic anthelmintic activity of the drug has been attributed to this metabolite.
Albendazole ... is rapidly metabolized in the liver and possibly in the intestine as well, to albendazole sulfoxide, which has potent anthelmintic activity. Both the (+) and (-) enantiomers of albendazole sulfoxide are formed, but in human beings the (+) enantiomer reaches much higher peak concn in plasma and is cleared much more slowly than the (-) form. Total sulfoxide attains peak plasma concn of about 300 ng/mL, but with wide interindividual variation. Albendazole sulfoxide is about 70% bound to plasma proteins and has a highly variable plasma half-life ranging from about 4 to 15 hr. It is well distributed into various tissues, including hydatid cysts, where it reaches a concn of about one-fifth that in plasma. This probably explains why albendazole is more effective than mebendazole for treating hydatid cyst disease. Formation of albendazole sulfoxide is catalyzed by both microsomal flavin monooxygenase and isoforms of cytochrome P450 in the liver and possibly also in the intestine. Hepatic flavin monooxygenase activity appears associated with (+) albendazole sulfoxide formation, whereas cytochromes P450 preferentially produce the (-) sulfoxide metabolite. Both sulfoxide derivatives are oxidized further to the nonchiral sulfone metabolite of albendazole, which is pharmacologically inactive; this reaction favors the (-) sulfoxide and probably becomes rate limiting in determining the clearance and plasma half-life of the bioactive (+) sulfoxide metabolite. Induction of enzymes involved in sulfone formation from the (+) sulfoxide could account for some of the wide variation noted in plasma half-lives of albendazole sulfoxide. Indeed, in animal models, benzimidazoles can induce their own metabolism. Albendazole metabolites are excreted mainly in the urine.
Sheep bearing permanent ruminal and abomasal cannulae were given a single oral dose of 10 mg/kg bw albendazole as a 2.5% formulation. Albendazole was absorbed unchanged from the rumen. Once in the body it was rapidly degraded, and sulfone metabolites were detected in plasma, the former achieving the greater level. All 3 compounds were present in the abomasum. Presumably albendazole was passed through the stomachs while the metabolites were secreted or diffused into this organ. Non-detectable levels of all 3 compounds were reached in plasma and rumen at 96 hr and in abomasum at 120 hr.
Albendazole causes degenerative alterations in the tegument and intestinal cells of the worm by binding to the colchicine-sensitive site of tubulin, thus inhibiting its polymerization or assembly into microtubules. The loss of the cytoplasmic microtubules leads to impaired uptake of glucose by the larval and adult stages of the susceptible parasites, and depletes their glycogen stores. Degenerative changes in the endoplasmic reticulum, the mitochondria of the germinal layer, and the subsequent release of lysosomes result in decreased production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the energy required for the survival of the helminth. Due to diminished energy production, the parasite is immobilized and eventually dies.
Albendazole therapy has been associated with transient and asymptomatic elevations in serum aminotransferase levels in up to 50% of patients treated for more than a few weeks. These abnormalities rapidly improve with stopping therapy which is rarely required (~4%). Albendazole has also been associated with rare instances of clinically apparent liver injury. The onset of injury has been within a few days to as long as 2 months of starting therapy or more rapidly with multiple courses of treatment. The injury can also arise 1 to 2 weeks after a short course of albendazole (1 to 3 days). The pattern of serum enzyme elevations is typically hepatocellular or mixed. Allergic features (rash, fever, eosinophilia) may be present but are not prominent. Most cases have been mild and recovery is distinctively rapid once the drug is stopped. Rapid recurrence with rechallenge has been reported but with similar severity. Cases with acute liver failure leading to emergency liver transplantation or death have also occurred.
Poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract due to its low aqueous solubility. Oral bioavailability appears to be enhanced when coadministered with a fatty meal (estimated fat content 40 g)
Albendazole is rapidly converted in the liver to the primary metabolite, albendazole sulfoxide, which is further metabolized to albendazole sulfone and other primary oxidative metabolites that have been identified in human urine. Urinary excretion of albendazole sulfoxide is a minor elimination pathway with less than 1% of the dose recovered in the urine. Biliary elimination presumably accounts for a portion of the elimination as evidenced by biliary concentrations of albendazole sulfoxide similar to those achieved in plasma.
Albendazole is variably and erractically absorbed after oral admin; absorption is enhanced by the presence of fatty foods and possibly by bile salts as well. After a 400-mg oral dose, albendazole cannot be detected in plasma, because the drug is rapidly metabolized in the liver and possibly in the intestine as well, to albendazole sulfoxide, which has potent anthelmintic activity. Both the (+) and (-) enantiomers of albendazole sulfoxide are formed, but in human beings the (+) enantiomer reaches much higher peak concn in plasma and is cleared much more slowly than the (-) form. Total sulfoxide attains peak plasma concn of about 300 ng/mL, but with wide interindividual variation. Albendazole sulfoxide is about 70% bound to plasma proteins ... It is well distributed into various tissues, including hydatid cysts, where it reaches a concn of about one-fifth that in plasma ... Both sulfoxide derivatives are oxidized further to the nonchiral sulfone metabolite of albendazole, which is pharmacologically inactive; this reaction favors the (-) sulfoxide and probably becomes rate limiting in determining the clearance ... Albendazole metabolites are excreted mainly in the urine.
Oral bioavailability of albendazole appears to be increased when the drug is administered with a fatty meal; when the drug is administered with meals containing about 40 g of fat, plasma concentrations of albendazole sulfoxide are up to 5 times higher than those observed when the drug is administered to fasting patients
Sheep bearing permanent ruminal and abomasal cannulae were given a single oral dose of 10 mg/kg bw albendazole as a 2.5% formulation. Albendazole was absorbed unchanged from the rumen. Once in the body it was rapidly degraded, and sulfone metabolites were detected in plasma, the former achieving the greater level. All 3 compounds were present in the abomasum. Presumably albendazole was passed through the stomachs while the metabolites were secreted or diffused into this organ. Non-detectable levels of all 3 compounds were reached in plasma and rumen at 96 hr and in abomasum at 120 hr.
Compounds of the formula (I) wherein the substituents are as defined in claim 1, useful as a pesticides, especially fungicides.
式(I)的化合物,其中取代基如权利要求1所定义,作为杀虫剂特别是杀菌剂有用。
[EN] ANTHELMINTIC AGENTS AND THEIR USE<br/>[FR] AGENTS ANTHELMINTIQUES ET LEUR UTILISATION
申请人:INTERVET INT BV
公开号:WO2010115688A1
公开(公告)日:2010-10-14
This invention is directed to compounds and salts that are generally useful as anthelmintic agents or as intermediates in processes for making anthelmintic agents. This invention also is directed to processes for making the compounds and salts, pharmaceutical compositions and kits comprising the compounds and salts, uses of the compounds and salts to make medicaments, and treatments comprising the administration of the compounds and salts to animals in need of the treatments.
N-PHENYL-1,1,1-TRIFLUOROMETHANESULFONAMIDE HYDRAZONE DERIVATIVE COMPOUNDS AND THEIR USAGE IN CONTROLLING PARASITES
申请人:Winzenberg Norman Kevin
公开号:US20070238700A1
公开(公告)日:2007-10-11
Novel N-phenyl-1,1,1-trifluoromethanesulfonamide compounds useful for controlling endo and/or ectoparasites in the environment are provided, together with methods of making the same, and methods of using the inventive compounds to treat parasite infestations in vivo and ex vivo.
ACYL-HYDRAZONE AND OXADIAZOLE COMPOUNDS, PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING THE SAME AND USES THEREOF
申请人:Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
公开号:US20150191445A1
公开(公告)日:2015-07-09
The present invention relates to acyl-hydrazone compounds, in particular 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl-hydrazide derivatives, as well as the oxadiazole analogs thereof and other similar compounds, and to the pharmaceutical use of the same for the treatment of various diseases associated with cell proliferation, such as leukemias, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), tumours and inflammation. Acyl-hydrazones have been obtained having activity similar to that of the compound used as a standard in experiments (colchicine). The greater selectivity of the compounds according to the invention is an important feature, associated with fewer side effects than the pharmaceuticals used at present in clinical treatments. The synthetised acyl-hydrazones, more particularly the compounds 02 and 07, exhibited important antileukemic activity, which suggests 02 and 07 as candidates to pharmaceutical prototypes, or to pharmaceuticals for the treatment of leukemias, in particular acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), tumours and other proliferative diseases, such as inflammation. The action mechanism of the most active compounds was determined by using DNA microarrays and subsequent tests indicated by the chip, besides selectivity studies in healthy human lymphocytes.
The present invention relates to substituted tricyclic triazole compounds and compositions comprising substituted tricyclic triazole compounds. The invention further relates to methods of inhibiting the activity of Hsp90 in a subject in need thereof and methods for preventing or treating hyperproliferative disorders, such as cancer, in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a compound of the invention, or a composition comprising such a compound.