Potential occupational carcinogen. NIOSH REL: TWA 10 ppm (45 mg/m3),
IDLH 100 ppm; OSHA PEL: TWA 10 ppm (adopted).
介电常数：
7.2800000000000002
LogP：
2.05-2.49 at 20℃ and pH7
物理描述：
1,1,2-trichloroethane appears as a clear light colored liquid. Insoluble in water and slightly denser than water. Hence sinks in water. May be toxic by inhalation.
1,1,2-Trichloroethane is extensively metabolized in mice given 100-200 mg/kg bw by intraperitoneal injection, 73-87% of the dose being eliminated in the urine and 16-22% in expired air. Several urinary metabolites have been identified: chloroacetic acid, S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine, thiodiacetic acid, 2,2-dichloroethanol and oxalic acid.
The primary metabolites identified by high-performance liquid chromatography in rats and mice given 1,1,2-trichloroethane by gavage were chloroacetic acid, S-carboxymethylcysteine, and thiodiacetic acid.
Although percent of the orally-administered dose metabolized was identical in rats and mice (81%), the actual amount of 1,1,2-trichloroethane metabolized was much higher in mice. The chemical was given to each species at the MTD, which was 4.3 times greater in mice; mice experienced a higher body burden than rats, but were able to metabolize the same percentage of it. The inherent ability of mice to metabolize 1,1,2- trichloroethane at a higher rate than rats may contribute to the greater susceptibility of mice to 1,1,2-trichloroethance cytotoxicity and carcinogenity. It is not known how the rate of 1,1,2-trichloroethane metabolism in humans compares to that in mice and rats. Metabolism in humans is likely to be qualitatively similar to that in animals, however.
INCUBATION OF CHLOROETHANES, HEPATIC MICROSOMES, AN NADPH-GENERATING SYSTEM & EDTA RESULTS IN PRODUCTION OF CHLORINATED METABOLITES. ... MAJOR METABOLITE OF 1,1,2-TRICHLOROETHANE WAS DICHLOROACETATE.
After 1,1,2-trichloroethane enters the body, it is carried by the blood to organs and tissues such as the liver, kidney, brain, heart, spleen, and fat. The primary metabolites identified are chloroacetic acid, S-carboxymethylcysteine, and thiodiacetic acid. S-carboxymethycysteine and thiodiacetic acid are formed from 1,1,2-trichloroethane following conjugation with glutathione. Chloroacetic acid is formed by hepatic cytochrome P-450. This reaction is thought to proceed via the acyl chloride. Cytochrome P-450 can also produce free radicals from 1,1,2-trichloroethane. Experiments show that most 1,1,2-trichloroethane leaves the body unchanged in the breath and as other substances that it is changed into in the urine in about 1 day. (L422)
The acute toxicity (LD50) of 1,1,2-trichloroethane is 837 mg/kg by oral administration in rats, 9 g/cu m /6 hr by inhalation in rats and 5.38 g/kg by dermal administration in rabbits. This chemical is considered as irritating to the skin, eyes, upper respiratory tract and stomach. There is no available information on skin sensitization. In a 90 days drinking water study of mice at the concentration of 0, 20, 200, or 2,000 mg/L, reduction of P-450 contents in the liver were observed and the NOEL was considered as 3.9 mg/kg/day. Repeated inhalation exposure (7 hours/day, 5 days/week) to 83 mg/cu m air for 6 months did not lead to any chemical-related changes in the rat, guinea pig and rabbit. The daily intake is equivalent to roughly 11 mg/kg/day in rat, 7.4 mg/kg/day in guinea pig, and 25 mg/kg/day in rabbit. In a developmental toxicity study, the chemical was administered by gavage to mice on days 8 through 12 of gestation at dose of only 350 mg/kg/day. No changes including teratogenicity and embryo/fetal viability, and/or postnatal growth and viability were observed. Therefore, NOEL for developmental toxicity was considered to be 350 mg/kg/day. In humans, this chemical was reported to act as a narcotic in low concentration, and irritate the conjunctiva, the mucosa of the respiratory tract and the external skin. Moreover, gastrointestinal tract complaints, fatty degeneration of the kidneys and lung damage by prolonged exposure were reported. Carcinogenicity study of this chemical by gavage showed hepatocellular carcinomas and pheochromocytomas in mice but no carcinogenicity in rats. Initiation/promotion screening studies on male rat liver demonstrated that this chemical has neither initiation nor promotion activity. A carcinogenicity study in skin of rats given 0, 2.05 or 6.24 mg by subcutaneous injection once a week for two years indicated no chemical related changes. Bacterial mutagenicity study showed negative results in all strains of Salmonella typhimurium TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98, TA100 with and without metabolic activation. Unscheduled DNA synthesis was not observed in livers of treated mice. On the other hand, mutation study in Saccharomyces serevisiae and in vitro micronucleus test of human lymphocytes showed positive. Although the above core genotoxicity studies demonstrate negative results, the genotoxicity of this chemical is inconclusive because of some positive results in non-core in vitro studies. ... 1,1,2-Trichloroethane is a stable liquid and is classified as a not readily biodegradable chemical (OECD TG 301C). ... As the lowest acute toxicity data to each of algae, zooplankton and fish, 96 hr-EC50 of Phaeodactylum tricornutum (60 mg/L), 48 hr EC50 of Daphnia magna (18 mg/L) and 7 d LC50 of Poecilia reticulata (40 mg/L) were selected, respectively. As the lowest chronic toxicity data to algae, zooplankton and fish, 72 hr NOEC (growth) of Selenastrum capricornutum (51.4 mg/L), 21d NOEC (reproduction) of Daphnia magna (32 mg/L) and 56 d NOEC (mortality in early life stage) of Pleuronectes platessa (3.0 mg/L) were adopted, respectively. ...
Acyl chlorides and free radicals formed during the metabolism of 1,1,2-trichloroethane are reactive metabolites that can bind to proteins and nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), and are suspected of being cytotoxic, mutagenic, and carginogenic. (L422, A192)
Evaluation: No epidemiological data relevant to the carcinogenicity of 1,1,2-trichloroethane were available. There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of 1,1,2-trichloroethane. Overall evaluation: 1,1,2-Trichloroethane is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity in humans (Group 3).
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
致癌性证据
癌症分类：C组可能的人类致癌物
Cancer Classification: Group C Possible Human Carcinogen
CLASSIFICATION: C; possible human carcinogen. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Hepatocellular carcinomas and pheochromocytomas in one strain of mice forms the basis for this classification. Carcinogenicity was not shown in rats. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane is structurally related to 1,2-Dichloroethane, a probable human carcinogen. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None. /Classification based on former EPA guidelines/
When (38)Cl-1,1,2-trichloroethane was administered by inhalation at a dose of about 5 mg per subject, about 3% of the compound was eliminated in the breath within 1 hr, and urinary excretion of (38)Cl amounted less than 0.01% of the dose/min.
Studies in humans indicate that 1,1,2-trichloroethane is absorbed rapidly after inhalation exposure. A volunteer took one breath of radiolabeled 1,1,2-trichloroethane and expired 10% of the inspired dose in the alveolar air after 12 seconds and about 0.5% after 40 seconds of breath-holding. More than 90% of the administered dose was retained in the body after 50 minutes. These data indicate that 1,1,2- trichloroethane was extensively absorbed into the bloodstream.
EXCRETION--RETENTION OF CHLORINATED ALIPHATIC CMPD IN MICE: 1,1,2-TRICHLOROETHANE EXCRETED 80% IN URINE, 1% IN FECES, 19% IN EXPIRED AIR, AND 2% RETENTION. /FROM TABLE/
In mice, 15 minutes after application of 0.5 ml of 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 99.7% was retained in the body and 0.3% was expired in the breath. The absorption rate was calculated to be 130 nmoles/min/sq cm of skin. The rapid absorption through the skin may well be due to the highly lipid soluble character of 1,1,2-trichloroethane.
Ultraviolet photooxidation for the destruction of vocs in air
摘要：
Air stripping is an effective and economical process for removing volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) from contaminated water sources. However the air stripping process simply transfers the contaminants from the water to the air phase where they may continue to pose an environmental problem. In this study, the use of ultraviolet light (u.v.) photooxidation for treating the off gas from air stripping is examined. Subsequent papers will address linking u.v. photooxidation with air stripping in a closed loop stripping process. Fundamental studies are conducted to characterize the kinetics of the gas phase photooxidation of five volatile chlorinated alkanes and alkenes under different operating conditions.
Cyclofunctionalisation of epoxyalcohol derivatives. 1. Delivery of functionalised carbon for stereospecific synthesis of dihydrofurans and dihydroxyacids
作者：Stuart W. McCombie、Bandarpalle B. Shankar、Ashit K. Ganguly
DOI：10.1016/s0040-4039(01)84583-4
日期：——
E-2-(Phenylsulfonyl)vinyl ethers of 2,3-epoxyalcohols are stereospecifically rearranged to 3-(phenylsulfony])-4-(1-hydroxyalkyl)-4,5-dihydrofurans on treatment with LDA. Oxidation of these compounds or the derived des-sulfonyl compounds provides esters or lactones which correspond to regiospecific delivery of -CO2H or -CH2CO2H to C-2, with inversion.
在用LDA处理后，将2，3-环氧醇的E-2-（苯磺酰基）乙烯基醚立体有择地重排为3-（苯磺酰基）-4-（1-羟烷基）-4，5-二氢呋喃。这些化合物或衍生的去磺酰基化合物的氧化提供了酯或内酯，其对应于-CO 2 H或-CH 2 CO 2 H向C-2的区域特异性递送，并具有转化作用。
[EN] SELECTIVE INHIBITORS OF NLRP3 INFLAMMASOME<br/>[FR] INHIBITEURS SÉLECTIFS DE L'INFLAMMASOME NLRP3
申请人：NODTHERA LTD
公开号：WO2019025467A1
公开（公告）日：2019-02-07
The present disclosure relates to compounds of Formula (I): (I); and to their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, pharmaceutical compositions, methods of use, and methods for their preparation. The compounds disclosed herein are useful for inhibiting the maturation of cytokines of the IL-1 family by inhibiting inflammasomes and may be used in the treatment of disorders in which inflammasome activity is implicated, such as autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases and cancers.
New 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene-alkylsulfonylacetates and their uses
申请人：Hokko Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
公开号：US04822814A1
公开（公告）日：1989-04-18
As new compound are provided alkyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene-alkylsulfonylacetates which are useful as fungicidal agent and agent for therapeutically treating or preventing a liver disorder as well as agent for reducing the internal fat deposit or preventing excessive accumulation of the internal fat deposit in the body of animals, including humans. These new compounds have improved activities for these applications, as compared to known similar compounds.
COMPOSITIONS OF CHROMIUM OXYFLUORIDE OR FLUORIDE CATALYSTS, THEIR PREPARATION AND THEIR USE IN GAS-PHASE PROCESSES
申请人：Arkema France
公开号：US20190169102A1
公开（公告）日：2019-06-06
The present invention relates to a process for modifying the fluorine distribution in a hydrocarbon compound in the presence of a catalyst, characterized by the use, as catalyst, of a solid composition comprising at least one component containing chromium oxyfluoride or fluoride of empirical formula Cr
x
M
(1-x)
O
r
F
s
, where 2r+s is greater than or equal to 2.9 and less than 6, M is a metal chosen from columns 2 to 12 of the Periodic Table of the Elements, x has a value from 0.9 to 1, s is greater than 0 and less than or equal to 6 and r is greater than or equal to 0 and less than 3, the said solid composition having a crystallinity of less than 20% by weight. The present invention also relates to the solid composition per se.
本发明涉及一种在催化剂存在下修改碳氢化合物中氟分布的方法，其特征在于使用一种固体组合物作为催化剂，所述固体组合物包括至少一种含有铬氧氟化物或经验式为Cr
x
M
(1-x)
O
r
F
s
的氟化物的组分，其中2r+s大于或等于2.9且小于6，M是从元素周期表的2至12列中选择的金属，x的值为0.9至1，s大于0且小于或等于6，r大于或等于0且小于3，所述固体组合物的结晶度重量百分比小于20%。本发明还涉及固体组合物本身。
Preparation of 3-formyl-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran
申请人：BASF Aktiengesellschaft
公开号：US04532337A1
公开（公告）日：1985-07-30
3-Formyl-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran is prepared by conversion of acrolein in the presence of water, acids and halohydrocarbons of 1 to 6 carbon atoms and 1 to 6 halogen atoms as solvents at from 60.degree. to 150.degree. C. The 3-formyl-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran obtained by the novel process is a valuable starting material for the preparation of dyes and crop protection agents.
