In metabolic studies with rabbits using each of the 3 isomeric trichlorobenzenes at 0.5 g/kg ... 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene was least rapidly metabolized. ... Practically no ethereal sulfate or mercapturic acid /was formed/, & only phenol formed was 2,4,6-trichlorophenol.
Im injection of approx 50 mg/kg trichlorobenzene to hens resulted in polychlorobenzenes in the yolk in amounts of 2.5 to 6.1% of the admin dose. The egg white contained almost no residue. 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene was metabolized to 2,4,6-trichlorophenol.
Trichlorobenzene is absorbed via oral, inhalation, and dermal routes. It is believed to be metabolized via cytochrom p-450 enzymes into metabolites that include phenols, mercapturic acid, and catechols.(T38)
Trichlorobenzene may uncouple mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, inducing potassium ion release and inhibiting respiratory control. It's metabolites may covalently bind to cellular proteins and alkylate DNA. (A154, A155)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类不具有致癌性(未被国际癌症研究机构IARC列名)。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
... 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene was admin orally to rats at 2 mg/kg, and ... /appeared/ in fat at greater concentration than in liver, kidneys, heart, or blood.
The tissue distribution and elimination of 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, and 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene were examined in male Sprague Dawley rats. Fasted animals were given single doses of 10 mg/kg of the (14)C labeled isomers by gavage. Serial sacrifices were performed at 0.5, 1, and 24 hr and 1, 2, 7, 14, 28, and 56 days post administration. Radioassays utilized the liver, kidneys, spleen, brain, pancreas, lung, heart, thigh muscle, skin, perirenal fat, testes, bladder, adrenals, epididymis, seminal vesicles, prostate, gastrointestinal tract, blood, and salivary glands. The data for each tissue was fitted to a linear compartmental pharmacokinetic model. The amount of (14)C excreted in urine and feces was determined daily for 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene and 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene isomers. Radioactivity from the labeled isomers appeared in the blood and tissues within 30 min of administration, peaked at approximately 4 hr, and slowly declined to background levels. Radioactivity attributed to 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene dropped to background levels after 28 days. The bladder, kidney, fat, skin, liver, and adrenals showed high 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene activity up to 24 hr post treatment. Radioactivity due to 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene dropped to background levels after 56 days for liver, fat, and skin and 28 days for the other tissues. The highest 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene concentrations were found in liver, fat, kidney, and bladder. Significant levels of radioactivity from 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene remained in the tissues after 56 days for all tissues examined. Approximately 85% of the 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene and 92% of the 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene were excreted within 24 hr of dosing. Compartmental analysis showed 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene to have the highest values for the linear coefficients of exponential decay.
Selective Dehydrocoupling of Phosphines by Lithium Chloride Carbenoids
作者:Sebastian Molitor、Julia Becker、Viktoria H. Gessner
DOI:10.1021/ja509381w
日期:2014.11.5
for the formation of phosphorus-phosphorus bonds through dehydrocoupling of phosphines is presented. The reaction is mediated by electronically stabilized lithium chloride carbenoids and affords a variety of different diphosphines under mild reaction conditions. The developed protocol is simple and highly efficient and allows the isolation of novel functionalized diphosphines in high yields.
Fluorinated biphenyls from aromatic arylations with pentafluorobenzenediazonium and related cations. Competition between arylation and azo coupling
作者:Dmitry Kosynkin、T. Michael Bockman、Jay K. Kochi
DOI:10.1039/a701745f
日期:——
High yields of the mixed perfluorinated biaryls (C6F5–Ar) are obtained by the catalytic dediazoniation of the pentafluorobenzenediazonium salt (C6F5N2+BF4–) in acetonitrile solutions containing various aromatic substrates (ArH) together with small amounts of iodide salts. Activated (electron-rich) as well as deactivated (electron-poor) arenes are successfully pentafluorophenylated by this method. The arylation is distinct from the azo coupling of the same substrates, which takes place in the absence of the iodide catalyst and yields the corresponding diazene (C6F5NN–Ar) as product. The catalytic role of iodide, and the isomeric product distributions obtained with this procedure indicate that the arylation proceeds via the pentafluorophenyl radical in a efficient homolytic chain process. Since azo coupling involves electrophilic aromatic substitution of electron-rich ArH by C6F5N2+, the two competing pathways are distinct and do not have reactive intermediates in common.
Sodiummethoxide reacts with dichlorobenzenes in HMPA to give the chloroanisoles as a result of a SNAr process. Excess MeONa then effects the demethylation of the ethers to give the chlorophenols via an SN2 reaction. With tri- and tetrachlorobenzenes the initially formed chloroanisoles can be dealkylated to chlorophenols or can suffer further substitution to give the chlorodimethoxybenzenes; these
由于S N Ar过程,甲醇钠与HMPA中的二氯苯反应生成氯茴香醚。然后过量的MeONa通过S N 2反应使醚脱甲基,得到氯酚。用三氯苯和四氯苯可以将最初形成的氯茴香醚脱烷基化为氯酚,或者可以进一步取代生成氯二甲氧基苯;它们与过量的MeONa反应,得到氯甲氧基苯酚。在取代基的电子效应的基础上,介绍并讨论了用二,三和四氯苯的各种异构体获得的结果。
Discovery of practical production processes for arylsulfur pentafluorides and their higher homologues, bis- and tris(sulfur pentafluorides): Beginning of a new era of “super-trifluoromethyl” arene chemistry and its industry
作者:Teruo Umemoto、Lloyd M Garrick、Norimichi Saito
DOI:10.3762/bjoc.8.53
日期:——
Various arylsulfur pentafluorides, ArSF(5), have long been desired in both academic and industrial areas, and ArSF(5) compounds have attracted considerable interest in many areas such as medicines, agrochemicals, and other new materials, since the highly stable SF(5) group is considered a "super-trifluoromethyl group" due to its significantly higher electronegativity and lipophilicity. This article
ENZYME-CATALYZED ENANTIOSELECTIVE AZIRIDINATION OF OLEFINS
申请人:California Institute of Technology
公开号:US20160222423A1
公开(公告)日:2016-08-04
The present invention provides methods for catalyzing the conversion of an olefin to a compound containing one or more aziridine functional groups using heme enzymes. In certain aspects, the present invention provides a reaction mixture for producing an aziridination product, the reaction mixture comprising of an olefinic substrate, a nitrene precursor, and a heme enzyme. In other certain aspects, the present invention provides a method for producing an aziridination product comprising providing an olefinic substrate, a nitrene precursor, and a heme enzyme; and admixing the components in a reaction for a time sufficient to produce an aziridine product. In other aspects, the present invention provides heme enzymes including variants and fragments thereof that are capable of carrying out in vivo and in vitro olefin aziridination reactions. Expression vectors and host cells expressing the heme enzymes are also provided by the present invention.