磺胺类药物的抗菌谱较广,能够抑制大多数革兰阳性菌和阴性菌。不过不同种类的磺胺药物其抗菌效力有所差异。由于广泛应用磺胺药,耐药菌株的产生也随之增加,尤其是金黄色葡萄球菌更容易产生耐药。
根据口服后吸收情况,磺胺类药物可分为两类:第一类是易吸收的磺胺药,这类药物的特点是吸收快,在服药2~4小时(长效类药则在5小时后)血药浓度达到峰值。这类磺胺主要用于全身性感染;另一类则是口服不易吸收或吸收很少,大部分经肠道排出,主要针对肠道感染。
磺胺甲恶唑,又称新诺明,是一种广谱抗菌药物,尤其对葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌作用显著,用于治疗泌尿道感染及禽霍乱等。它通过与PABA竞争性抑制细菌体内的二氢叶酸合成酶来阻止细菌二氢叶酸的合成,从而抑制细菌生长繁殖。磺胺甲恶唑是目前治疗诺卡菌病较为有效的药物之一。其半衰期为10~12小时,部分被乙酰化。虽然每日用药次数较少(每天两次),但其代谢产物在尿中溶解度较低,因此发生晶体尿的可能性较大。患者需保持充分水合(成人每日尿量不少于1,500ml)。与甲氧苄胺联合使用时,抗菌作用显著增强,复方新诺明(磺胺甲恶唑/甲氧苄啶即SMZ/TMP)常优于单药治疗。临床常用其治疗尿路感染、呼吸道感染、伤寒、沙门氏菌感染及卡氏肺孢子虫病等,也可用于预防流行性脑膜炎。一些医师建议将米诺环素、氨苄西林或红霉素与磺胺甲恶唑合用以治疗这些感染,但并无临床证据显示联合用药效果优于单用磺胺药。
作用机理我们知道细菌合成胸苷、嘌呤和最终合成DNA需要叶酸衍生物四氢叶酸作为辅因子。大多数菌细胞不允许叶酸透入,必须由PABA合成。磺胺类药物与PABA结构相似,因此能够竞争性抑制PABA生成二氢蝶酸。哺乳动物细胞不受这种作用影响,因为它们依赖预存的叶酸。
用途 抗菌剂由5-甲基异噁唑-3-甲酰胺降解、缩合、水解而得。具体生产步骤包括:
中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 | 分子量 |
---|---|---|---|---|
4-亚硝基磺胺甲恶唑 | nitroso sulfamethoxazole | 131549-85-4 | C10H9N3O4S | 267.265 |
磺胺甲恶唑羟胺 | sulphamethoxazole hydroxylamine | 114438-33-4 | C10H11N3O4S | 269.281 |
N-(5-甲基-3-异恶唑基)苯磺酰胺 | 4-amino-N-(5-methyl-3-isoxazolyl)-benzene sulfonamide | 13053-79-7 | C10H10N2O3S | 238.267 |
—— | 4,4'-Bis-<5-methyl-isoxazolyl-(3)-aminosulfonyl>-azobenzol | 97254-40-5 | C20H18N6O6S2 | 502.532 |
4-硝基磺胺甲恶唑 | N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)-4-nitrobenzenesulfonamide | 29699-89-6 | C10H9N3O5S | 283.265 |
醋磺胺甲噁唑 | N-acetylsulfamethoxazole | 21312-10-7 | C12H13N3O4S | 295.319 |
中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 | 分子量 |
---|---|---|---|---|
4-亚硝基磺胺甲恶唑 | nitroso sulfamethoxazole | 131549-85-4 | C10H9N3O4S | 267.265 |
磺胺甲恶唑羟胺 | sulphamethoxazole hydroxylamine | 114438-33-4 | C10H11N3O4S | 269.281 |
—— | 4-isothiocyanato-N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide | 956576-66-2 | C11H9N3O3S2 | 295.343 |
4-硝基磺胺甲恶唑 | N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)-4-nitrobenzenesulfonamide | 29699-89-6 | C10H9N3O5S | 283.265 |
醋磺胺甲噁唑 | N-acetylsulfamethoxazole | 21312-10-7 | C12H13N3O4S | 295.319 |
—— | 4-fluoro-N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide | 349624-47-1 | C10H9FN2O3S | 256.257 |
4-羟基-N-(5-甲基-1,2-恶唑-3-基)苯磺酰胺 | 4-hydroxy-N-(5-methyl-3-isoxazolyl)benzenesulphonamide | 141233-20-7 | C10H10N2O4S | 254.266 |
—— | N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)-4-(3-phenylureido)benzenesulfonamide | 356094-08-1 | C17H16N4O4S | 372.404 |
—— | N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)-4-(3-phenylthioureido)benzenesulfonamide | 314282-51-4 | C17H16N4O3S2 | 388.471 |
—— | 1-Methyl-3-[4-[(5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl)sulfamoyl]phenyl]thiourea | —— | C12H14N4O3S2 | 326.4 |
—— | 2-chloro-N-(4-(N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)acetamide | —— | C12H12ClN3O4S | 329.764 |
—— | 2-cyano-N-(4-{[(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)amino]sulfonyl}phenyl)acetamide | 901373-59-9 | C13H12N4O4S | 320.329 |
—— | [4-(5-methyl-isoxazol-3-ylsulfamoyl)-phenyl]-carbamic acid ethyl ester | 93188-51-3 | C13H15N3O5S | 325.345 |
—— | 4-amino-3-chloro-N-(5-methyl-isoxazol-3-yl)-benzenesulphonamide | —— | C10H10ClN3O3S | 287.727 |
—— | 4-amino-3-hydroxy-N- (5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide | —— | C10H11N3O4S | 269.281 |
—— | N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)-4-(3-propylureido)benzenesulfonamide | —— | C14H18N4O4S | 338.387 |
—— | 4-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)ureido]-N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide | —— | C17H15FN4O4S | 390.395 |
—— | 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-[4-[(5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl)sulfamoyl]phenyl]urea | 93127-26-5 | C13H15ClN4O4S | 358.8 |
—— | N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)-4-(3-p-tolylthioureido)benzenesulfonamide | 481710-05-8 | C18H18N4O3S2 | 402.498 |
—— | Sulfiodizole | 1024-37-9 | C10H10IN3O3S | 379.178 |
—— | 4-[3-(4-chlorophenyl)ureido]-N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide | —— | C17H15ClN4O4S | 406.849 |
—— | 4-(3-(4-fluorophenyl)thioureido)-N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide | 453553-30-5 | C17H15FN4O3S2 | 406.462 |
—— | 4-(3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ureido)-N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide | —— | C17H16N4O5S | 388.404 |
—— | N1,N4-bis(4-(N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)succinamide | —— | C24H24N6O8S2 | 588.622 |
—— | 4-(3-butylureido)-N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide | —— | C15H20N4O4S | 352.414 |
—— | N1,N6-bis(4-(N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)adipamide | —— | C26H28N6O8S2 | 616.676 |
—— | 4-(3-(4-bromophenyl)thioureido)-N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide | 904133-34-2 | C17H15BrN4O3S2 | 467.367 |
—— | 4-(3-(4-chlorophenyl)thioureido)-N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide | 455292-48-5 | C17H15ClN4O3S2 | 422.916 |
—— | 4-amino-N-(4-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide | —— | C10H11N3O4S | 269.281 |
—— | 4-(3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)thioureido)-N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide | —— | C17H16N4O4S2 | 404.47 |
—— | 4-ethoxy-N-(5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide | —— | C12H14N2O4S | 282.32 |
—— | N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)-4-(3-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)ureido)benzenesulfonamide | —— | C13H13F3N4O4S | 378.332 |
—— | 4-((4-(N-(5-methylisoxazole-3-yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl) amino)but-2-enoic acid | —— | C14H13N3O6S | 351.34 |
—— | N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)-4-(3-m-tolylthioureido)benzenesulfonamide | 905059-30-5 | C18H18N4O3S2 | 402.498 |
—— | 4-[3-(3-Chloro-phenyl)-ureido]-N-(5-methyl-isoxazol-3-yl)-benzenesulfonamide | —— | C17H15ClN4O4S | 406.8 |
—— | N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)-4-(3-undecylureido)benzenesulfonamide | —— | C22H34N4O4S | 450.602 |
—— | 4-((3-chlorobenzylidene)amino)-N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide | 905241-04-5 | C17H14ClN3O3S | 375.835 |
—— | 4-(3-(4-cyanophenyl)thioureido)-N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide | 1238148-39-4 | C18H15N5O3S2 | 413.481 |
—— | 4-(3-(3-fluorophenyl)thioureido)-N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide | 900666-03-7 | C17H15FN4O3S2 | 406.462 |
—— | 4-(3-(3-chlorophenyl)thioureido)-N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide | 482297-80-3 | C17H15ClN4O3S2 | 422.916 |
—— | N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)-4-(3-naphthalen-2-ylthioureido)benzenesulfonamide | 1238148-57-6 | C21H18N4O3S2 | 438.531 |
—— | 4-(3-(3-bromophenyl)thioureido)-N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide | 1158838-98-2 | C17H15BrN4O3S2 | 467.367 |
—— | N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)-4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzenesulfonamide | 263387-10-6 | C11H9F3N2O4S | 322.265 |
—— | 4-(benzylthio)-N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide | 1609192-55-3 | C17H16N2O3S2 | 360.458 |
—— | 4-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)thioureido)-N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide | 507457-46-7 | C18H18N4O4S2 | 418.497 |
—— | 3,4-dihydroxy-N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide | —— | C10H10N2O5S | 270.266 |
—— | 4-(3-benzylureido)-N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide | —— | C18H18N4O4S | 386.431 |
—— | N-(4-(N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)-2-phenylacetamide | 302951-50-4 | C18H17N3O4S | 371.417 |
—— | 4-(3-(2-fluorophenyl)thioureido)-N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide | 455320-13-5 | C17H15FN4O3S2 | 406.462 |
—— | [4-(5-methyl-isoxazol-3-ylsulfamoyl)-phenyl]-carbamic acid benzyl ester | 2298-26-2 | C18H17N3O5S | 387.416 |
—— | 4-benzoylamino-N-(5-methyl-isoxazol-3-yl)-benzenesulfonamide | 94622-36-3 | C17H15N3O4S | 357.39 |
—— | 4-(3-benzylthioureido)-N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide | 721910-57-2 | C18H18N4O3S2 | 402.498 |
—— | 4-{[(E)-(2-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]amino}-N-(5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide | —— | C17H15N3O4S | 357.39 |
—— | 4-[(2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino]-N-(5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide | 111074-38-5 | C17H15N3O4S | 357.39 |
—— | N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)-4-(3-phenethylthioureido)benzenesulfonamide | 890563-17-4 | C19H20N4O3S2 | 416.525 |
—— | N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)-4-(3-o-tolylthioureido)benzenesulfonamide | 905025-35-6 | C18H18N4O3S2 | 402.498 |
—— | 4-(3-cyclohexylureido)-N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide | —— | C17H22N4O4S | 378.452 |
—— | 4-(3-cyclohexylthioureido)-N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide | —— | C17H22N4O3S2 | 394.519 |
—— | 4-(3-(2-chlorophenyl)thioureido)-N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide | 481666-94-8 | C17H15ClN4O3S2 | 422.916 |
—— | 1-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-3-[4-[(5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl)sulfamoyl]phenyl]urea | —— | C17H14Cl2N4O4S | 441.3 |
—— | 4-amino-N-(5-methyl-3-isoxazolyl)-N-methylbenzenesulfonamide | 51543-31-8 | C11H13N3O3S | 267.309 |
—— | 4-(3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)thioureido)-N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide | 454226-72-3 | C17H14Cl2N4O3S2 | 457.361 |
—— | 4-methyl-N-(4-(N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)benzamide | —— | C18H17N3O4S | 371.417 |
—— | N1,N4-bis(4-(N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)terephthalamide | —— | C28H24N6O8S2 | 636.666 |
—— | 4-(3-(3-methoxyphenyl)thioureido)-N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide | 503131-08-6 | C18H18N4O4S2 | 418.497 |
—— | 4-chloro-N-(4-(N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)benzamide | —— | C17H14ClN3O4S | 391.835 |
—— | 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-(4-(N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)acetamide | 690964-77-3 | C18H16ClN3O4S | 405.862 |
—— | 4-(3-(4-fluorobenzyl)thioureido)-N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide | 897514-14-6 | C18H17FN4O3S2 | 420.488 |
—— | 4-(3-(3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)thioureido)-N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide | 894314-32-0 | C18H17ClN4O3S2 | 436.943 |
—— | N-(5-Methylisoxazol-3-yl)-4-(3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ureido)benzenesulfonamide | 793677-83-5 | C18H15F3N4O4S | 440.4 |
—— | N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)-4-(3-pyridin-2-ylthioureido)benzenesulfonamide | 1238148-53-2 | C16H15N5O3S2 | 389.459 |
—— | methyl 4-(3-(4-(N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)thioureido)benzoate | 1238148-64-5 | C19H18N4O5S2 | 446.508 |
—— | N-(4-(N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)-2-(naphthalen-2-yl)acetamide | —— | C22H19N3O4S | 421.477 |
—— | 2-(3-chlorophenyl)-N-(4-(N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)acetamide | —— | C18H16ClN3O4S | 405.862 |
—— | N-methacryloylglycylglycyl sulfamethoxazole | 1392330-37-8 | C18H21N5O6S | 435.461 |
—— | 4-{[(E)-(5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]amino}-N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide | 1374604-65-5 | C17H14ClN3O4S | 391.835 |
—— | 2-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-N-(4-(N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)acetamide | —— | C20H21N3O4S | 399.47 |
—— | 3-chloro-N-(4-(N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)benzamide | 307327-21-5 | C17H14ClN3O4S | 391.835 |
—— | 1-[4-[(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)sulfamoyl]phenyl]-3-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-methyl-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl]urea | 355829-57-1 | C15H14F6N4O4S | 460.357 |
—— | 4-(3-(2-hydroxybenzyl)ureido)-N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide | —— | C18H18N4O5S | 402.431 |
—— | ethyl 4-(3-(4-(N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)thioureido)benzoate | 474928-76-2 | C20H20N4O5S2 | 460.535 |
—— | 4-(3-(2-methoxyphenyl)thioureido)-N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide | 502888-77-9 | C18H18N4O4S2 | 418.497 |
—— | 4-(3-(2-hydroxybenzyl)thioureido)-N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide | —— | C18H18N4O4S2 | 418.497 |
—— | 2-(((3-methyloxetan-3-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)ethyl (4-(N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)carbamate | 1616892-20-6 | C18H23N3O7S2 | 457.529 |
—— | 1-(1-Adamantyl)-3-[4-[(5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl)sulfamoyl]phenyl]urea | 905538-34-3 | C21H26N4O4S | 430.528 |
—— | N-[4-[(5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl)sulfamoyl]phenyl]-2-naphthalen-1-ylacetamide | —— | C22H19N3O4S | 421.5 |
—— | N-[4-(5-methyl-isoxazol-3-ylsulfamoyl)phenyl]-3',4'-dimethoxy-benzenesulphonamide | —— | C18H19N3O7S2 | 453.497 |
—— | 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-(4-(N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)propanamide | —— | C19H17Cl2N3O4S | 454.334 |
—— | n-propyl 4-(3-(4-(N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)thioureido)benzoate | 1238148-69-0 | C21H22N4O5S2 | 474.561 |
—— | 2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-(4-(N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)acetamide | 735303-62-5 | C18H15Cl2N3O4S | 440.307 |
—— | 2-(3-fluoro-4-methylphenyl)-N-(4-(N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)acetamide | —— | C19H18FN3O4S | 403.434 |
—— | n-butyl 4-(3-(4-(N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)thioureido)benzoate | 1238148-73-6 | C22H24N4O5S2 | 488.588 |
—— | 3,4-dichloro-N-(4-(N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)benzamide | 438455-81-3 | C17H13Cl2N3O4S | 426.28 |
—— | 4-{[2-hydroxy-4-(3-phenylpropyl)benzyl]amino}-N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide | —— | C26H27N3O4S | 477.584 |
—— | 4-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidenamine)-N-(5-methylisoxozaol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide | 328026-18-2 | C18H17N3O5S | 387.416 |
—— | 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-(4-(N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)acetamide | —— | C18H15Cl2N3O4S | 440.307 |
—— | 2-cyano-N-(4-{[(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)amino]sulfonyl}phenyl)-3-phenylacrylamide | 748148-57-4 | C20H16N4O4S | 408.437 |
—— | 2-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-N-(4-(N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)acetamide | —— | C18H15ClFN3O4S | 423.852 |
—— | 2-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-N-(4-(N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)acetamide | —— | C18H15ClFN3O4S | 423.852 |
—— | N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)-4-(phthalazin-1-ylamino)benzenesulfonamide | —— | C18H15N5O3S | 381.415 |