Phenanthrene yields trans-1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxyphenanthrene, trans-3,4-dihydro-3,4-dihydroxyphenanthrene, and s-(9,10-dihydro-9-hydroxyphenanthr-10-yl) glutathione in rabbits and rats.
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Phenanthrene is a solid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). It is used for dyestuffs, explosives, synthesis of drugs, biochemical research, and manufacturing phenanthrenequinone. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Exposure to phenanthrene in PAHs may be a risk factor for hyperuricemia. A test in human lymphoblast TK6 cells with metabolic activation and 9 ug/mL phenanthrene yielded a forward mutation. ANIMAL STUDIES: Phenanthrene 150 mg/kg given to male rats produced a significant elevation of serum aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase 24 hr after injection. No tumors developed in 100 mice treated with phenanthrene for 9 months. Evidence from in vivo assays indicates that phenanthrene metabolites have a relatively low tumorigenic potential. The 1,2-, 3,4- and 9,10-dihydrodiol metabolites of phenanthrene did not show tumor initiating activity in mouse skin painting assays. Genetic and cytogenetic mutagenicity tests (eg liver microsome assay, host-mediated peritoneal assay, chromosome aberrations, induction of sister-chromatid-exchanges, etc) were used to evaluate phenanthrene. The 3-methylcholanthrene-induced microsomes assay indicated that phenanthrene was inactive in the gene conversion system and yielded a weak effect only with high doses in the sister chromatid exchange system. Phenanthrene did not yield positive results in sister chromatid exchange and chromosome aberration assays in mammalian cell cultures or in cell transformation assays in several types of mammalian cells (5-40 ug/mL). Phe could induce cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in the rat and H9C2 cells. The mechanism might involve reducing miR-133a expression by DNA methylation. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Phenanthrene, a major component of crude oil, is one of the most abundant PAHs in aquatic ecosystems, and is readily bioavailable to marine organisms. Phenanthrene could be accumulated in fish resulting in the changes of the activities of the antioxidant enzymes and the production of ROS with the oxidative stress. Phenanthene can be maternally transferred to embryos and influence the health and sustainability of the next generation. Phenanthrene may pose a risk for mussel and sea-urchin.
The ability of PAH's to bind to blood proteins such as albumin allows them to be transported throughout the body. Many PAH's induce the expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes, especially CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1, by binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor or glycine N-methyltransferase protein. These enzymes metabolize PAH's into their toxic intermediates. The reactive metabolites of PAHs (epoxide intermediates, dihydrodiols, phenols, quinones, and their various combinations) covalently bind to DNA and other cellular macromolecules, initiating mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. (L10, L23, A27, A32)
Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of phenanthrene... phenanthrene /is not/ classifiable as to /its/ carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3).
CLASSIFICATION: D; not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Based on no human data and inadequate data from a single gavage study in rats and skin painting and injection studies in mice. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Inadequate.
Radioactivity accumulation by coalfish administered 15.8 ug (14)C-labeled phenanthrene, radioactivity was greater in liver than in gallbladder or muscle following intragastric admin of 15.8 ug. Max accum occurred from 10-24 hr after dosing & approx 72% was present in liver after 17 hr. In gallbladder highest level occurred 24-48 hr after administration.
Following intragastric administration in Norway lobster of (14)C-labeled phenanthrene, highest amount of radioactivity was found in hepatopancreas system and muscle. In all tissues, except intestine, highest levels were measured 1 day after dosing, after 28 days only minute amount remained in tissues. The low content of radioactivity in stomach and intestine 1 day after administration indicated that most of it was absorbed from intestine. Norway lobster accumulated radioactivity at high rate and is able to eliminate most of radioactivity within a few weeks after a single dose.
... In order to study the PAHs and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) transfer in the food chain, pigs have been fed with milk mixed either with (14)C-phenanthrene, with (14)C-benzo[a]pyrene or with (14)C-TCDD. The analysis of portal and arterial blood radioactivity showed that both PAHs and TCDD were absorbed with a maximum concentration at 4-6 hr after milk ingestion. Then, the blood radioactivity decreased to reach background levels 24 h after milk ingestion. Furthermore, the portal and arterial blood radioactivities were higher for phenanthrene (even if the injected load was the lowest) than these of benzo[a]pyrene or these of TCDD, in agreement with their lipophilicity and water solubility difference. Main 14C absorption occurred during the 1-3 hr time period after ingestion for (14)C-phenanthrene and during the 3-6 hr time period for (14)C-benzo[a]pyrene and for (14)C-TCDD. (14)C portal absorption rate was high for (14)C-phenanthrene (95%), it was close to 33% for (14)C-benzo[a]pyrene and very low for (14)C-TCDD (9%). These results indicate that the three studied molecules have a quite different behavior during digestion and absorption. Phenanthrene is greatly absorbed and its absorption occurs via the blood system, whereas benzo[a]pyrene and TCDD are partly and weakly absorbed respectively.
The aim of this work was to study the transfer through the intestinal barrier of two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (benzo[a]pyrene and phenanthrene) and a dioxin (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin) which differed in their physicochemical properties. Both in vitro and in vivo assays were performed. For the in vitro study, Caco-2 cells, cultivated on permeable filters, permitted to measure the transepithelial permeability of the studied (14)C-labelled molecules. For the in vivo study, portal absorption kinetics were evaluated in pigs fed contamined milk. The results showed that all the molecules were absorbed and demonstrated a differential intestinal absorption for the studied molecules. Phenanthrene appeared to be the fastest and most uptaken compound, followed by benzo[a]pyrene and finally 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin. Their absorption levels were respectively 9.5, 5.2 and 1.4% after a 6 hr-exposure in vitro and 86.1, 30.5 and 8.3% in vivo for the 24 hr following ingestion. These findings suggest that the physicochemical properties of the xenobiotics and intestinal epithelium play key roles in the selective permeability and in the bioavailability of the tested micropollutants.
1.周国泰,化学危险品安全技术全书,化学工业出版社,1997 2.国家环保局有毒化学品管理办公室、北京化工研究院合编,化学品毒性法规环境数据手册,中国环境科学出版社.1992 3.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety,CHEMINFO Database.1998 4.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, RTECS Database, 1989
Hydrodebromination of Aromatic Bromides Catalyzed by Unsupported Nanoporous Gold: Heterolytic Cleavage of Hydrogen Molecule
作者:Yuhui Zhao、Xiujuan Feng、Sheng Zhang、Yoshinori Yamamoto、Ming Bao
DOI:10.1002/cctc.202000674
日期:2020.10.6
Unsupported nanoporous gold (AuNPore) is a highly efficient, practically applicable, and recyclable catalyst for hydrodebromination of aromatic bromides. The AuNPore‐catalyzed hydrodebromination of aromatic bromides proceeded smoothly at relatively low hydrogen pressure and temperature to achieve good to excellent yields of the corresponding non‐bromine variants. The selective hydrodebromination reaction
Synthesis of <i>o</i>-Carboxyarylacrylic Acids by Room Temperature Oxidative Cleavage of Hydroxynaphthalenes and Higher Aromatics with Oxone
作者:Keshaba Nanda Parida、Jarugu Narasimha Moorthy
DOI:10.1021/acs.joc.5b00292
日期:2015.8.21
A simple procedure for the synthesis of a variety of o-carboxyarylacrylic acids has been developed with Oxone (2KHSO5·KHSO4·K2SO4); the oxidation reaction involves the stirring of methoxy/hydroxy-substituted naphthalenes, phenanthrenes, anthracenes, etc. with Oxone in an acetonitrile–water mixture (1:1, v/v) at rt. Mechanistically, the reaction proceeds via initial oxidation of naphthalene to o-quinone
已经用Oxone(2KHSO 5 ·KHSO 4 ·K 2 SO 4)开发了一种简单的合成多种邻-羧基芳基丙烯酸的方法。氧化反应包括在室温下将乙氧基/羟基取代的萘,菲,蒽等与Oxone在乙腈-水混合物(1:1,v / v)中搅拌。从机理上讲,该反应是通过将萘初始氧化为邻醌而进行的,该邻苯醌会裂解成相应的邻羧基芳基丙烯酸。发现高级芳族化合物产生衍生自最初形成的邻-羧基芳基丙烯酸的羧甲基内酯。
Barium Permanganate, Ba(MnO4)2, A Versatile and Mild Oxidizing Agent for Use Under Aprotic and Non-Aqueous Conditions
versatile oxidation reagent. With this reagent different types of primary and secondary hydroxy compounds are converted to their carbonyl derivatives. Aldehydes could be transformed to their carboxylic acids. Benzylic chloride and bromides are converted to their aldehydes and carboxylic acids. Semicarbazide and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine derivatives of benzylic carbonylcompounds undergo carbon-nitrogen
The photochemical reactions of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (THN), 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene (DHP), 9,10-dihydroanthracene (DHA), and acenaphthene (AN) with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) were investigated under N2 atmosphere at room temperature. The results show that the relative reactivities of the hydroarenes toward a photochemical reaction with NBS are THN < DHP < AN << DHA, which is consistent with the stabilities of the radicals produced by benzylic hydrogen abstraction from the hydroarenes. Photochemical reactions of THN and DHP mainly afforded dehydrogenated products, while the photobrominations of the dehydrogenated products from AN and DHA with NBS proceeded readily.
Flash vacuum pyrolysis over magnesium. Part 1. Pyrolysis of benzylic, other aryl/alkyl and aliphatic halides
作者:R. Alan Aitken、Philip K. G. Hodgson、John J. Morrison、Adebayo O. Oyewale
DOI:10.1039/b108663d
日期:2002.1.23
Flash vacuum pyrolysis over a bed of freshly sublimed magnesium on glass wool results in efficient coupling of benzyl halides to give the corresponding bibenzyls. Where an ortho halogen substituent is present further dehalogenation gives some dihydroanthracene and anthracene. Efficient coupling is also observed for halomethylnaphthalenes and halodiphenylmethanes while chlorotriphenylmethane gives 4,4′-bis(diphenylmethyl)biphenyl. By using α,α′-dihalo-o-xylenes, benzocyclobutenes are obtained in good yield, while the isomeric α,α′-dihalo-p-xylenes give a range of high thermal stability polymers by polymerisation of the initially formed p-xylylenes. Other haloalkylbenzenes undergo largely dehydrohalogenation where this is possible, in some cases resulting in cyclisation. Deoxygenation is also observed with haloalkyl phenyl ketones to give phenylalkynes as well as other products. With simple alkyl halides
there is efficient elimination of HCl or HBr to give alkenes. For aliphatic dihalides this also occurs to give dienes but there is also cyclisation to give cycloalkanes and dehalogenation with hydrogen atom transfer to give alkenes in some cases. For 5-bromopent-1-ene the products are those expected from a radical pathway but for 6-bromohex-1-ene they are clearly not. For 2,2-dichloropropane and 1,1-dichloropropane elimination of HCl occurs but for 1,1-dichlorobutane, -pentane and -hexane partial hydrolysis followed by elimination of HCl gives E,E-, E,Z- and Z,Z- isomers of the dialk-1-enyl ethers and fully assigned 13C NMR data are presented for these. With 6-chlorohex-1-yne and 7-chlorohept-1-yne there is cyclisation to give methylenecycloalkanes and -cycloalkynes. The behaviour of 1,2-dibromocyclohexane and 1,2-dichlorocyclooctane under these conditions is also examined. Various pieces of evidence are presented that suggest that these processes do
not involve generation of free gas-phase radicals but rather surface-adsorbed organometallic species.