Chrysene appears as a crystalline solid. Denser than water and insoluble in water. The primary hazard is the threat to the environment. Immediate steps should be taken to limit spread to the environment. Toxic by ingestion. Used to make other chemicals.
颜色/状态:
Red blue fluorescent orthorhombic plates from benzene, acetic acid
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-type compounds induce at least two rat UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoforms, UGT1A6 and UGT1A7. Among the glucuronidation reactions of PAH metabolites studied, mono- and diglucuronide formation of benzo[a]pyrene and chrysene-3,6-diphenol showed the highest induction factors in rat liver microsomes. Availability of AHH-1 cells stably expressing UGT1A7 allowed us to study whether this PAH-inducible isoform could catalyze benzo[a]pyrene and chrysene-3,6-diphenol glucuronidation. It was found that UGT1A7 indeed catalyzed mono- and diglucuronide formation of both benzo[a]pyrene and chrysene 3,6-diphenols. V79 cell-expressed rat UGT1A6 also catalyzed these reactions, except for chrysene diphenol diglucuronide formation. Enzyme kinetic studies of the glucuronidation of 6-hydroxychrysene (used as a stable PAH phenol) indicated that UGT1A7 conjugated this compound with a lower apparent Km value (0.1 uM) than UGT1A6 (10 uM). The results suggest that the two PAH-inducible UGTs may cooperate in conjugating PAH metabolites, but that UGT1A7 is more efficient.
Six metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were identified and quantified from the bile of 31 common eels (Anguilla anguilla), 29 European flounders (Pleuronectes flesus), and 15 conger eels (Conger conger) collected from the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel during 1997. The bile metabolites were deconjugated by enzymatic hydrolysis and separated by reverse-phase HPLC with fluorescence detection. The major metabolite present in all fish was 1-hydroxy pyrene (75-94% of all metabolites detected) with lower proportions of 1-hydroxy chrysene (2-15%) and 1-hydroxy phenanthrene (2-8%), and small amounts of three benzo[a]pyrene derivatives (<3%). Metabolite concentrations (normalized to biliverdin content) were significantly higher in common eels than in the other two species and tended to be higher in all species at the beginning of the year than at the end. The data confirm the importance of 1-hydroxy pyrene as the key PAH metabolite in fish bile and suggest that the common eel is an ideal species for monitoring PAHs in estuarine environments.
We have investigated the regio- and stereoselective metabolism of chrysene, a four-ring symmetrical carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), by the liver microsomes of brown bullhead (Ameriurus nebulosus), a bottom-dwelling fish species. The liver microsomes from untreated and 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC)-treated brown bullheads metabolized chrysene at the rate of 30.1 and 82.2 pmol/mg protein/min, respectively. Benzo-ring diols (1,2-diol and 3,4-diol) were the major chrysene metabolites formed by liver microsomes from control and 3-MC-treated fish. However, the control microsomes produced a considerably higher proportion of chrysene 1,2-diol (benzo-ring diol with a bay region double bond) plus 1-hydroxychrysene, than 3,4-diol plus 3-hydroxychrysene, indicating that these microsomes are selective in attacking the 1,2- position of the benzo-ring. On the other hand, 3-MC-induced microsomes did not show such a regioselectivity in the metabolism of chrysene. Control bullhead liver microsomes, compared to control rat liver microsomes, produced a considerably higher proportion of chrysene 1,2-diol, the putative proximate carcinogenic metabolite of chrysene. Like rat liver microsomes, bullhead liver microsomes produced only trace amounts of the K-region diol.Chrysene 1,2-diol and 3,4-diol formed by the liver microsomes from both control and 3-MC-treated bullheads consisted predominantly of their R,R-enantiomers. Chrysene is metabolized by bullhead liver microsomal enzymes to its benzo-ring diols with a relatively lower degree of stereoselectivity compared to benzo[a]pyrene (a five-ring PAH), but with a higher degree of stereoselectivity compared to phenanthrene (a three-ring PAH). The data of this study, together with those from our previous studies with phenanthrene, benzo[a]pyrene and dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (a six-ring PAH), indicate that the regioselectivity in the metabolism of PAHs by brown bullhead and rainbow trout liver microsomes does not vary greatly with the size and shape of the molecule, whereas the degree of stereoselectivity in the metabolism of PAHs to benzo-ring dihydrodiols does.
We have investigated the metabolism of chrysene (CHR) and 5-methychyrsene (5-MeCHR) by Shasta rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) and Long Evans rat liver microsomes to assess the effect of a non-benzo ring methyl substituent on the reactions involved in the metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Trout as well as rat liver microsomes metabolized both CHR and 5-MeCHR at essentially similar rates, indicating that the methyl substituent does not alter the substrate specificity of the cytochrome P450(s) involved in the metabolism of the two PAHs. Dihydrodiols were the major CHR metabolites formed by both trout and rat liver microsomes, whereas the trout liver microsomes formed a considerably higher proportion of 5-MeCHR phenols compared to diols, indicating that 5-methyl substitution alters the substrate specificity of trout microsomal epoxide hydrolase for 5-MeCHR epoxides. Unlike trout liver microsomes, rat liver microsomes formed a much greater proportion of 5-MeCHR diols compared to 5-MeCHR phenols, suggesting that 5-MeCHR epoxides are better substrates for the microsomal epoxide hydrolase present in rat liver than for the enzyme in trout liver. Both trout and rat liver microsomes are more efficient at attacking the bay-region bond versus the non-bay-region double bond in chrysene. In contrast the reverse is true in the case of 5-MeCHR, indicating that a non-benzo ring methyl substituent alters the regioselectivity of the enzymes involved in the oxidative metabolism of PAHs.
PAH metabolism occurs in all tissues, usually by cytochrome P-450 and its associated enzymes. PAHs are metabolized into reactive intermediates, which include epoxide intermediates, dihydrodiols, phenols, quinones, and their various combinations. The phenols, quinones, and dihydrodiols can all be conjugated to glucuronides and sulfate esters; the quinones also form glutathione conjugates. (L10)
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Chrysene forms colorless platelets with blue fluorescence. It is used only for research purposes. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are a group of chemicals that are formed during the incomplete burning of coal, oil, gas, wood, garbage, or other organic substances, such as tobacco and charbroiled meat. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Chrysene is able to induce aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) in cultured human lymphocytes. Probable human carcinogen. ANIMAL STUDIES: A single topical application of chrysene to neonatal rats at 1 mg/10 g body weight resulted in induction of skin and liver activity of enzymes. AHH activity was increased 251% in skin and 339% in liver; 7-ethoxycoumarin deethylase 133 and 208%, respectively. Among 20 female mice painted with 1% solution of chrysene, papillomas appeared in 9 animals and carcinomas in 8, the first tumor being observed after 8 months. There was an obvious shortening of the lifespan. Groups of 10 rats received repeated injections of 2-6 mg chrysene; four tumors were observed in treated animals, and sarcomas were found in controls. Several hydroxylated metabolites of chrysene were formed by rat liver microsomal cytochrome P450 activity, some of which had estrogenic activity. Chrysene has a "bay-region" in structure. It is metabolized by mixed function oxidases to reactive "bay-region" diol epoxides that are mutagenic in bacteria and tumorigenic in mouse skin painting assays and when injected into newborn mice. Mutagenicity tests were performed with chrysene in the Salmonella (TA98 and TA1535) microsome test, mice oocytes, bone-marrow cells and spermatogonia of Chinese hamsters. Using the Salmonella microsome test, no mutagenic activity was found when chrysene alone was tested. Chrysene, 450 mg/kg was given to Chinese hamsters by oral, gavage, or intraperitoneal administration and showed no mutagenic effects. In oocytes of mice, 8-12 weeks of age, a single application of 450 mg/kg chrysene resulted in a weak but significant chromosome aberration. In spermatogonia of Chinese hamsters a low but not significant increase in chromosomal aberrations, excluding gaps, was found. The chemical was positive in the Ames test with metabolic activation using strains TA100 and TA98. Chrysene may be phototoxic as well as photogenotoxic under UVB irradiation. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Biotransformation and detoxification responses of mature scallop Chlamys farreri were studied during the reproduction period. Overall, females accumulated more chrysene than males, while males were more sensitive than females to chrysene exposure in gene expressions and enzyme activities.
The ability of PAH's to bind to blood proteins such as albumin allows them to be transported throughout the body. Many PAH's induce the expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes, especially CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1, by binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor or glycine N-methyltransferase protein. These enzymes metabolize PAH's into their toxic intermediates. The reactive metabolites of PAHs (epoxide intermediates, dihydrodiols, phenols, quinones, and their various combinations) covalently bind to DNA and other cellular macromolecules, initiating mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. (L10, L23, A27, A32)
CLASSIFICATION: B2; probable human carcinogen. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: No human data and sufficient data from animal bioasays. Chrysene produced carcinomas and malignant lymphoma in mice after intraperitoneal injection and skin carcinomas in mice following dermal exposure. Chrysene produced chromosomal abnormalities in hamsters and mouse germ cells after gavage exposure, positive responses in bacterial gene mutation assays and transformed mammalian cells exposed in culture. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Sufficient.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
致癌性证据
A3:已确认的动物致癌物,对人类的相关性未知。
A3: Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
致癌性证据
没有关于人类的数据。动物致癌性证据有限。总体评估:第3组:该物质对人类致癌性无法分类。
No data are available in humans. Limited evidence of carcinogenicity in animals. OVERALL EVALUATION: Group 3: The agent is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans.
Chrysene is absorbed via the oral and dermal routes; there is no direct evidence available for absorption via the lungs. Absorption through the lungs is inferred by the measurement of chrysene and its metabolites in groups exposed occupationally to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and in cigarette smokers.
After oral administration in rats, chrysene was measured in peak concentrations within the hour in blood and liver. Chrysene has been found to concentrate in the adipose and mammary tissues after oral administration in rats; after oral administration, the majority of the chrysene is eliminated predominantly via the feces with up to 41%-79% intact and with complete recovery within 2 days.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
芘似乎能被人类和动物皮肤吸收和代谢。
Chrysene appeared to be absorbed and metabolized in both human and animal skin.
Palladium-Catalyzed Cascade Dearomative Spirocyclization and C−H Annulation of Aromatic Halides with Alkynes
作者:Xingrong Liao、Fulin Zhou、Zhengyang Bin、Yudong Yang、Jingsong You
DOI:10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01736
日期:2021.7.2
Described herein is a palladium-catalyzed intermolecular dearomative annulation of aryl halides with alkynes, which provides a rapid approach to a class of structurally unique spiroembedded polycyclic aromatic compounds. The cascade process is accomplished by a sequential alkyne migratory insertion, Heck-type dearomatization, and C–H bond annulation. Further optoelectronic study indicated this fused
Straightforward synthesis of phenanthrenes from styrenes and arenes
作者:Hu Li、Ke-Han He、Jia Liu、Bi-Qin Wang、Ke-Qing Zhao、Ping Hu、Zhang-Jie Shi
DOI:10.1039/c2cc33100d
日期:——
Semi-one-pot synthesis of phenanthrenesfrom styrenes and arenes was developed through cross-dehydrogenative coupling. A sequence of Heck-type coupling and photo-cyclization were involved and a variety of functionalities were tolerated. This method provides an effective and practical protocol towards the synthesis of substituted phenanthrenes.
[EN] DIACENAPHTHO[1,2-b:1',2'-k]CHRYSENE DERIVATIVE<br/>[FR] DÉRIVÉ DE DIACÉNAPHTHO[1,2-B:1',2'-K]CHRYSÈNE
申请人:CANON KK
公开号:WO2010071224A1
公开(公告)日:2010-06-24
A novel diacenaphtho[1,2-b:1',2'-k]chrysene derivative is provided.
提供了一种新的二苯并[1,2-b:1',2'-k]蒽衍生物。
Water-Soluble Neutral Calix[4]arene−Lanthanide Complexes: Synthesis and Luminescence Properties
作者:Frank J. Steemers、Hans G. Meuris、Willem Verboom、David N. Reinhoudt、Erik B. van der Tol、Jan W. Verhoeven
DOI:10.1021/jo970132j
日期:1997.6.1
Water-soluble calix[4]arenes 10a,b with chromophores ("antenna") attached to the lower rim via a short spacer are described. In the neutral lanthanide complexes of 10a,b photoexcitation of the antenna induces lanthanide emission via intramolecular energy transfer. Calix[4]arene 10b with a chrysene moiety as sensitizer shows strong lanthanide emission for Eu(3+) with an excitation maximum at lambda
Structural and optical properties of lithium bismuthate glasses
作者:A. Pan、A. Ghosh
DOI:10.1557/jmr.2002.0287
日期:2002.8
Structural and optical properties of ion - conducting lithiumbismuthateglasses are reported here. The structure of these glasses has been explored from the compositional variation of the density, molar volume, and glass transition temperature. The optical study in the visible and infrared region indicates a large transmission window for these glasses. The BiO 6 octahedra were identified as the main