FROM COMPARATIVE STUDIES WITH SENSITIVE AND INSENSITIVE PLANTS, 2 PATHS WERE PROPOSED, INVOLVING INITIAL GLUCOSE ESTER FORMATION AND OXIDATIVE RING CLEAVAGE TO YIELD MONOCHLOROACETATE. THE LATTER WAS DETECTED IN TREATED PLANTS PRIOR TO THE ONSET OF TREATMENT SYMPTOMS.
SEVEN DAYS AFTER ORAL ADMIN OF 50 MG/KG BODY WT 2,4,5-T (99.6% PURE) TO RATS, 56-69% OF DOSE WAS RECOVERED IN URINE: 70-85% OF RECOVERED DOSE WAS UNCHANGED 2,4,5-T, & APPROX 15-30% WAS FOUND AS GLYCINE & TAURINE CONJUGATES & AS 2,4,5-TRICHLOROPHENOL; TWO CONJUGATES WERE EXCRETED IN NEARLY EQUAL AMT. SIMILAR RESULTS WERE OBTAINED IN MICE, EXCEPT THAT THE QUANTITY OF TAURINE CONJUGATE WAS GREATER.
CDDs are absorbed through oral, inhalation, and dermal routes of exposure. CDDs are carried in the plasma by serum lipids and lipoproteins, distributing mainly to the liver and adipose tissue. CDDs are very slowly metabolized by the microsomal monooxygenase system to polar metabolites that can undergo conjugation with glucuronic acid and glutathione. They may increase the rate of their own metabolism by inducing CDDs induce both phase I and phase II enzymes. The major routes of excretion of CDDs are the bile and the feces, though smaller amounts are excreted in the urine and via lactation. (L177)
CDDs cause their toxic effects by binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and subsequently altering the trascription of certain genes. The affinity for the Ah receptor depends on the structure of the specific CDD. The change in gene expression may result from the direct interaction of the Ah receptor and its heterodimer-forming partner, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator, with gene regulatory elements or the initiation of a phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cascade that subsequently activates other transcription factors. The affected genes include several oncogenes, growth factors, receptors, hormones, and drug-metabolizing enzymes. The change in transcription/translation of these genes is believed to be the cause of most of the toxic effects of CDDs. This includes 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin's carcinogenicity is thought to be the result of its ability to alter the capacity of both exogenous and endogenous substances to damage the DNA by inducing CYP1A1- and CYP1A2-dependent drug-metabolizing enzymes. (L177)
Classification of carcinogenicity: 1) evidence in humans: limited; Overall summary evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans is Group 2B: The agent is possibly carcinogenic to humans. /Chlorophenoxy herbicides; From table/
Exposure to large amounts of CDDs causes chloracne, a severe skin disease with acne-like lesions that occur mainly on the face and upper body. CDDs may also cause liver damage and induce long-term alterations in glucose metabolism and subtle changes in hormonal levels. In addition, studies have shown that CDDs may disrupt the endocrine system and weaken the immune system, as well as cause reproductive damage and birth defects, central and peripheral nervous system pathology, thyroid disorders, endometriosis, and diabetes. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin is also a known human carcinogen. (L177, L178)
2,4,5-T given orally to ... volunteers in doses of 100-150 mg was readily absorbed and gradually eliminated from blood plasma, showing first-order elimination rate; more than 80% of dose was excreted in urine in intact form within 72 hr. Daily urinary excretion ... in exposed workers was found to range from 0.5-3.6 mg/day in 11/21 samples.
... RESULTS ... OBTAINED WITH SINGLE IV INJECTIONS OF 5 OR 100 MG/KG BODY WT (14)C-2,4,5-T IN RATS, WHERE 2.3 & 7.6% OF RADIOACTIVITY WERE EXCRETED IN FECES, RESPECTIVELY, /SUGGESTED/ ... THAT @ HIGHER DOSE BILIARY EXCRETION OF 2,4,5-T &/OR ITS DEGRADATION PRODUCTS IS INVOLVED IN OVERALL ELIMINATION OF 2,4,5-T FROM THE BODY.
RADIOACTIVITY WAS FOUND IN ALL TISSUES EXAMINED AS WELL AS IN MILK & FETUSES AFTER SINGLE ORAL ADMIN OF 0.17-41 MG/KG BODY WT (14)C-2,4,5-T TO PREGNANT RATS.
SINGLE DOSE OF 100 MG/KG BODY WT 2,4,5-T TO PREGNANT MICE WAS ALMOST ENTIRELY ELIMINATED BY 72 HR; HOWEVER, AFTER 4 DAILY ADMIN OF SAME DOSE, 2,4,5-T ACCUMULATED IN MATERNAL TISSUES & FETUSES, & BY 48 HR 2,4,5-T WAS STILL DETECTABLE THROUGHOUT FETUSES.
1.周国泰,化学危险品安全技术全书,化学工业出版社,1997 2.国家环保局有毒化学品管理办公室、北京化工研究院合编,化学品毒性法规环境数据手册,中国环境科学出版社.1992 3.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety,CHEMINFO Database.1998 4.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, RTECS Database, 1989
2-{N-[(2,4,5-三氯苯氧基)乙酰基]-N-甲基氨基}-3-吡咯烷丙酰胺类似物作为 Urotensin II 受体的潜在拮抗剂
摘要:
摘要 文章的目的 鉴定具有可接受的药理学特征的 Urotensin II 受体的新型小分子拮抗剂。 材料和方法 对 2-{ N -[(2,4,5-三氯苯氧基) 乙酰基]- N -甲氨基}-3-吡咯烷丙酰胺系列进行构效关系 (SAR) 研究,并在体外细胞中合成和评估入围化合物基于测定。人和小鼠 Urotensin II 受体过表达 CHO 细胞用于钙释放和放射性配体结合测定。该系列中的初始分子在钙释放测定中存在溶解度和种间变异性问题。因此,我们进行 SAR 来克服这 2 个问题,并在小鼠升压反应模型中进一步评估具有可接受的体外特征的分子,以生成 UII 受体拮抗的体内概念证明。 结果和结论 我们特此报告 2-{ N -[(2,4,5-三氯苯氧基)乙酰基]-N-甲基氨基}-3-吡咯烷丙酰胺系列的鉴定,以获得具有可接受的药理学特征的 Urotensin II 受体的新型小分子拮抗剂。
Oligonucleotides comprising a non-phosphate backbone linkage
申请人:Manoharan Muthiah
公开号:US20060287260A1
公开(公告)日:2006-12-21
One aspect of the present invention relates to a ribonucleoside substituted with a phosphonamidite group at the 3′-position. In certain embodiments, the phosphonamidite is an alkyl phosphonamidite. Another aspect of the present invention relates to a double-stranded oligonucleotide comprising at least one non-phosphate linkage. Representative non-phosphate linkages include phosphonate, hydroxylamine, hydroxylhydrazinyl, amide, and carbamate linkages. In certain embodiments, the non-phosphate linkage is a phosphonate linkage. In certain embodiments, a non-phosphate linkage occurs in only one strand. In certain embodiments, a non-phosphate linkage occurs in both strands. In certain embodiments, a ligand is bound to one of the oligonucleotide strands comprising the double-stranded oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, a ligand is bound to both of the oligonucleotide strands comprising the double-stranded oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide strands comprise at least one modified sugar moiety. Another aspect of the present invention relates to a single-stranded oligonucleotide comprising at least one non-phosphate linkage. Representative non-phosphate linkages include phosphonate, hydroxylamine, hydroxylhydrazinyl, amide, and carbamate linkages. In certain embodiments, the non-phosphate linkage is a phosphonate linkage. In certain embodiments, a ligand is bound to the oligonucleotide strand. In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified sugar moiety.
Oligonucleotides comprising a C5-modified pyrimidine
申请人:Manoharan Muthiah
公开号:US20050288244A1
公开(公告)日:2005-12-29
One aspect of the present invention relates to a double-stranded oligonucleotide comprising at least one ligand. In certain embodiments, a ligand is bound to only one of the two oligonucleotide strands comprising the double-stranded oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, both of the oligonucleotide strands of the double-stranded oligonucleotide independently comprise a bound ligand. In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide strands comprise at least one modified sugar moiety. In certain embodiments, a phosphate linkage in one or both of the strands of the oligonucleotide has been replaced with a phosphorothioate or phosphorodithioate linkage. In a preferred embodiment, the ligand is cholesterol or 5β-cholanic acid. Another aspect of the present invention relates to a single-stranded oligonucleotide comprising at least one ligand. In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified sugar moiety. In certain embodiments, a phosphate linkage of the oligonucleotide has been replaced with a phosphorothioate or phosphorodithioate linkage. In a preferred embodiment, the ligand is cholesterol or 5β-cholanic acid. The ligand improves the pharmacokinetic properties of the oligonucleotide.
Identification of Anthranilic Acid Derivatives as a Novel Class of Allosteric Inhibitors of Hepatitis C NS5B Polymerase
作者:Thomas Nittoli、Kevin Curran、Shabana Insaf、Martin DiGrandi、Mark Orlowski、Rajiv Chopra、Atul Agarwal、Anita Y. M. Howe、Amar Prashad、M. Brawner Floyd、Bernard Johnson、Alan Sutherland、Karen Wheless、Boris Feld、John O'Connell、Tarek S. Mansour、Jonathan Bloom
DOI:10.1021/jm061428x
日期:2007.5.1
A series of potent anthranilic acid-based inhibitors of the hepatitisCNS5Bpolymerase has been identified. The inhibitors bind to a site on NS5B between the thumb and palm regions adjacent to the active site as determined by X-ray crystallography of the enzyme-inhibitor complex. Guided by both molecular modeling and traditional SAR, the enzyme activity of the initial hit was improved by approximately
已鉴定出一系列强效邻氨基苯甲酸丙型肝炎 NS5B 聚合酶抑制剂。通过酶抑制剂复合物的 X 射线晶体学测定,抑制剂与 NS5B 上拇指和手掌区域之间与活性位点相邻的位点结合。在分子建模和传统 SAR 的指导下,初始命中的酶活性提高了约 100 倍,产生了一系列有效且选择性的 NS5B 抑制剂,IC50 值低至 10 nM。这些化合物也是培养的 HUH7 细胞中 HCV 复制子的抑制剂。
The present invention relates to substituted triazolopyridine compounds of general formula (I) : in which R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 are as given in the description and in the claims, to methods of preparing said compounds, to pharmaceutical compositions and combinations comprising said compounds, to the use of said compounds for manufacturing a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment or prophylaxis of a disease such as tumours and proliferative diseases, as well as to intermediate compounds useful in the preparation of said compounds.
An antimicrobial compound, as well as the salts, derivatives and analogues thereof, said compound being represented by the general formula (I):
wherein R
1
represents a peptide part P1 or a peptide part P2.