毒理性
急性经口毒性（LD50）：小鼠为9100毫克/千克[物质安全数据表] 过量毒性罕见，但故意摄入钾可能导致。医源性过量可能发生[L2653]。摄入后局部刺激引起胃肠道不适。大量静脉或口服过量后严重的血钾过高会导致肌肉功能障碍，包括虚弱、瘫痪、心脏心律失常，罕见死亡[L2653]。 **轻度至中度毒性** 常见症状包括恶心、呕吐、腹泻、感觉异常和肌肉痉挛。罕见情况下，可能会发生胃肠道出血。 **重度毒性** 在重度毒性情况下，可能会出现肌肉无力逐渐发展为瘫痪。当浓度大于8毫摩尔/升时，常发生心脏心律失常，在9至12毫摩尔/升或更高浓度时，可能会因心脏骤停而死亡。特征性心电图表现按以下顺序出现：T波尖耸，QRS复合波与T波融合，PR间期延长，P波消失和ST段压低，S波和T波合并，最后出现正弦波。正弦波的出现是接近终末期的事件，预示着血流动力学崩溃和心脏骤停即将发生。随着血钾水平向正常浓度纠正，心电图变化按相反的顺序解决[L2653]。
Acute oral toxicity (LD50): 9100 mg/kg in the mouse [MSDS] Toxicity from overdose is rare but may result from intentional ingestion of potassium. Iatrogenic overdoses may occur [L2653]. Local irritation after ingestion causes GI upset. Severe hyperkalemia after large IV or oral overdoses causes muscular dysfunction including weakness, paralysis, cardiac dysrhythmias, and rarely death [L2653]. **Mild to moderate toxicity** Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, paresthesias, and muscle cramps are common. Rarely, gastrointestinal bleed may occur. **Severe toxicity** In severe toxicity, muscular weakness progressing to paralysis may occur. Cardiac arrhythmia often occur at concentrations greater than 8 mEq/L and death from cardiac arrest at concentrations of 9 to 12 mEq/L or higher. Characteristic ECG findings occur in the following order: peaked T waves, QRS complex blends into the T wave, PR interval prolongation, P wave is lost and ST segments depress, merging S and T waves, and finally, sine waves. The presence of the sine wave is a near terminal event, signaling that hemodynamic collapse and cardiac arrest are near. As serum hyperkalemia is corrected towards normal concentrations, the ECG changes resolve in reverse order [L2653].
来源:DrugBank
