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acarbose | 56180-94-0

中文名称
——
中文别名
——
英文名称
acarbose
英文别名
4'',6''-dideoxy-4''-<(1S)-(1,4,6/5)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-hydroxymethyl-2-cyclohexenylamino>maltotriose (acarbose);glucobay;4,6-dioxy-4-{[4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohex-2-en-1-yl]amino}hexyopyranosyl-1-4-hexopyranosyl-4-hexopyranose;4,6-dioxy-4{[4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohex-2-en-1-yl]amino}hexyopyranosyl-1-4-hexopyranosyl-4-hexopyranose;(3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-methyl-5-[[(1S,4R,5S,6S)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohex-2-en-1-yl]amino]oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4-triol
acarbose化学式
CAS
56180-94-0;68107-33-5;106864-09-9
化学式
C25H43NO18
mdl
MFCD06407598
分子量
645.612
InChiKey
XUFXOAAUWZOOIT-UGEKTDRHSA-N
BEILSTEIN
——
EINECS
——
  • 物化性质
  • 计算性质
  • ADMET
  • 安全信息
  • SDS
  • 制备方法与用途
  • 上下游信息
  • 反应信息
  • 文献信息
  • 表征谱图
  • 同类化合物
  • 相关功能分类
  • 相关结构分类

物化性质

  • 熔点:
    165-170°C
  • 比旋光度:
    D18 +165° (c = 0.4 in water)
  • 沸点:
    675.05°C (rough estimate)
  • 密度:
    1.4278 (rough estimate)
  • 溶解度:
    极易溶于水,溶于甲醇,几乎不溶于二氯甲烷。
  • LogP:
    -7.935 (est)
  • 颜色/状态:
    Amorphous powder
  • 旋光度:
    Specific optical rotation: +165 deg at 18 °C/D (c = 0.4 in water)
  • 解离常数:
    pKa = 5.1
  • 碰撞截面:
    231 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: TW, Method: calibrated with polyalanine and drug standards]

计算性质

  • 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP):
    -8.5
  • 重原子数:
    44
  • 可旋转键数:
    9
  • 环数:
    4.0
  • sp3杂化的碳原子比例:
    0.92
  • 拓扑面积:
    321
  • 氢给体数:
    14
  • 氢受体数:
    19

ADMET

代谢
阿卡波糖仅在消化道内代谢,主要由肠道细菌以及消化酶进行。至少已经通过色谱法从尿液中分离出13种代谢物。主要的代谢物被鉴定为4-甲基pyrogallol衍生物(即硫酸盐、甲基和葡萄糖苷酸结合物)。一种代谢物(通过从阿卡波糖上断裂一个葡萄糖分子形成)也具有α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性。这种代谢物与从尿液中回收的母化合物一起,占总给药剂量的不到2%。
Acarbose is metabolized exclusively within the gastrointestinal tract, principally by intestinal bacteria, but also by digestive enzymes. ... At least 13 metabolites have been separated chromatographically from urine specimens. The major metabolites have been identified as 4-methylpyrogallol derivatives (i.e., sulfate, methyl, and glucuronide conjugates). One metabolite (formed by cleavage of a glucose molecule from acarbose) also has alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity. This metabolite, together with the parent compound, recovered from the urine, accounts for less than 2% of the total administered dose.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
  • 肝毒性
在几项大型临床试验中,与安慰剂相比,阿卡波糖治疗(2%至5%)导致血清酶水平升高超过正常上限3倍的情况更为常见,但所有升高均无症状,并在停止治疗后迅速恢复。这些研究报告中没有出现临床明显的肝损伤实例。然而,在获得批准并广泛临床使用后,至少有十几例临床明显的肝损伤与阿卡波糖使用有关。肝损伤通常在开始治疗后的2到8个月内出现,并伴有肝细胞模式的血清酶水平升高,血清ALT水平显著升高,提示急性病毒性肝炎。免疫过敏特征和自身抗体形成并不典型。虽然大多数病例病情较轻,但有些病例伴有明显黄疸,并有死亡病例报告给赞助商。没有将慢性肝损伤或消失胆管综合征与阿卡波糖使用联系起来的案例,大多数药物引起的肝损伤和急性肝衰竭的大型病例系列中也没有发现由阿卡波糖引起的病例。在几个实例中进行了再挑战,并导致发病时间缩短。
In several large clinical trials, serum enzyme elevations above 3 times the upper limit of normal were more common with acarbose therapy (2% to 5%) than with placebo, but all elevations were asymptomatic and resolved rapidly with stopping therapy. These studies reported no instances of clinically apparent liver injury. Subsequent to approval and with wide clinical use, however, at least a dozen instances of clinically apparent liver injury have been linked to acarbose use. The liver injury typically arises 2 to 8 months after starting therapy and is associated with a hepatocellular pattern of serum enzyme elevations with marked increases in serum ALT levels, suggestive of acute viral hepatitis. Immunoallergic features and autoantibody formation are not typical. While most cases are mild, some are associated with marked jaundice and cases with a fatal outcome have been reported to the sponsor. No cases of chronic liver injury or vanishing bile duct syndrome have been linked to acarbose use, and most large series of cases of drug induced liver injury and acute liver failure have not identified cases due to acarbose. Rechallenge has been carried out in several instances and resulted in recurrence with a shortening of the time to onset.
来源:LiverTox
毒理性
  • 药物性肝损伤
化合物:阿卡波糖
Compound:acarbose
来源:Drug Induced Liver Injury Rank (DILIrank) Dataset
毒理性
  • 药物性肝损伤
药物性肝损伤标注:最令人关注的药物性肝损伤
DILI Annotation:Most-DILI-Concern
来源:Drug Induced Liver Injury Rank (DILIrank) Dataset
毒理性
  • 药物性肝损伤
严重等级:8
Severity Grade:8
来源:Drug Induced Liver Injury Rank (DILIrank) Dataset
毒理性
  • 药物性肝损伤
标签部分:警告和预防措施
Label Section:Warnings and precautions
来源:Drug Induced Liver Injury Rank (DILIrank) Dataset
吸收、分配和排泄
在一项针对6名健康男性的研究中,服用阿卡波糖的口服剂量中,不到2%被吸收为活性药物,而大约35%的总放射性来自14C标记的口服剂量被吸收。平均来说,51%的口服剂量在摄入后96小时内以未吸收的药物相关放射性物质形式随粪便排出。因为阿卡波糖在胃肠道内局部作用,这种亲本化合物的低系统生物利用度在治疗上是期望的。
In a study of 6 healthy men, less than 2% of an oral dose of acarbose was absorbed as active drug, while approximately 35% of total radioactivity from a 14C-labeled oral dose was absorbed. An average of 51% of an oral dose was excreted in the feces as unabsorbed drug-related radioactivity within 96 hours of ingestion. Because acarbose acts locally within the gastrointestinal tract, this low systemic bioavailability of parent compound is therapeutically desired.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
在健康志愿者口服14C标记的阿卡波糖后,放射性物质的血浆浓度峰值在给药后14-24小时达到,而活性药物的血浆浓度峰值在大约1小时达到。阿卡波糖相关放射性物质的延迟吸收反映了由肠道细菌或肠道酶水解形成的代谢物的吸收。
Following oral dosing of healthy volunteers with 14C-labeled acarbose, peak plasma concentrations of radioactivity were attained 14-24 hours after dosing, while peak plasma concentrations of active drug were attained at approximately 1 hour. The delayed absorption of acarbose-related radioactivity reflects the absorption of metabolites that may be formed by either intestinal bacteria or intestinal enzymatic hydrolysis.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
阿卡波糖在小肠中代谢,主要由肠道细菌和消化酶完成。其中一部分代谢物(约34%的剂量)被吸收并随后通过尿液排出。
Acarbose is metabolized exclusively within the gastrointestinal tract, principally by intestinal bacteria, but also by digestive enzymes. A fraction of these metabolites (approximately 34% of the dose) was absorbed and subsequently excreted in the urine.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
阿卡波糖被吸收作为完整药物的比例几乎完全由肾脏排泄。当阿卡波糖静脉给药时,在48小时内,有89%的剂量以活性药物的形式在尿液中回收。相比之下,口服剂量的不到2%以活性(即母化合物和活性代谢物)药物的形式在尿液中回收。这与母药的低生物利用度一致。
The fraction of acarbose that is absorbed as intact drug is almost completely excreted by the kidneys. When acarbose was given intravenously, 89% of the dose was recovered in the urine as active drug within 48 hours. In contrast, less than 2% of an oral dose was recovered in the urine as active (i.e., parent compound and active metabolite) drug. This is consistent with the low bioavailability of the parent drug.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

安全信息

  • 安全说明:
    S24/25
  • WGK Germany:
    1
  • 海关编码:
    29400090
  • 危险品运输编号:
    NONH for all modes of transport
  • 危险性防范说明:
    P261,P305+P351+P338
  • 危险性描述:
    H315,H319,H335

SDS

SDS:7ee720b535d8c4a6230837e5109ef029
查看

制备方法与用途

阿卡波糖简介

阿卡波糖(Acarbose)是一种C7N-氨基环醇类的假性四糖物质,通过与α-葡萄糖苷酶发生竞争性抑制作用而广泛应用于Ⅱ型糖尿病的治疗。它能够有效降低餐后高血糖。

临床应用

阿卡波糖是从放线菌培养液中分离得到的一种复杂低聚糖,是临床上常用的一线口服降糖药。其主要通过与肠黏膜α-葡萄糖苷酶结合,抑制该酶的活性,从而减缓食物中淀粉、蔗糖、乳糖、麦芽糖、糊精等碳水化合物的降解速度。这延缓了葡萄糖的吸收,达到降低餐后血糖的目的,并间接改善空腹血糖水平,减轻尿糖现象。此外,阿卡波糖还能减轻体重、降低血压和甘油三酯水平,长期服用可降低心血管疾病的风险,适用于以碳水化合物为主要食物成分或餐后血糖升高的2型糖尿病患者。

副反应

常见胃肠道功能紊乱症状,包括腹胀、腹泻和腹痛。这些症状是由于糖类在小肠内分解及吸收障碍,在结肠内由细菌作用于未被吸收的糖类而产生。罕见情况下,阿卡波糖可能会引起肝细胞性肝损伤,伴有黄疸和转氨酶升高,停药后可缓解。此外,过敏反应和皮肤反应也少见。

制备

阿卡波糖的生物合成途径可以概括为以下三个过程:

  1. 氨基环醇的合成:7-P-景天庚糖逐步通过一系列酶促反应生成NDP-1-epi-valienol-7-phosphate。
  2. 4-氨基-4,6-二脱氧葡萄糖的合成:D-1-磷酸葡萄糖经过核苷酸化、脱水和转氨基等步骤,最终生成dTDP-4-氨基-4,6-双脱氧葡萄糖。
  3. 阿卡波糖的合成:NDP-1-epi-valienol-7-phosphate与dTDP-4-氨基-4,6-双脱氧葡萄糖在糖基转移酶的作用下发生糖基转移反应,生成dTDP-acarvicose-7-phosphate。随后,dTDP-acarvicose-7-phosphate再与麦芽糖分子结合,生成acarbose-7-phosphate。菌体在胞内完成acarbose-7-phosphate的合成后,还需通过转运蛋白AcbWXY/GacWXY将该物质跨膜转运至胞外,并发生去磷酸化作用最终生成阿卡波糖。
化学性质

无定形粉末。 [α]D18 +165°(C=0.4,水)。

用途

阿卡波糖是一种低聚糖,可逆地抑制小肠粘膜刷状缘上的α-糖苷酶活性,缓慢降低消化复杂多糖及蔗糖的速度,从而延缓葡萄糖的吸收。它常用于胰岛素依赖型和非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病的治疗。

类别与毒性

类别:有毒物品
毒性分级:低毒
急性毒性:口服-大鼠 LD50: 24000 毫克/公斤;口服 - 小鼠 LD50: 24000 毫克/公斤
可燃性危险特性:可燃;加热分解释放有毒氮氧化物烟雾。
储运特性:库房通风低温干燥。
灭火剂:干粉、泡沫、砂土和水。

上下游信息

  • 下游产品
    中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 分子量

反应信息

  • 作为反应物:
    描述:
    acarboseplatinum(IV) oxide sodium tetrahydroborate 、 硫酸氢气 作用下, 以 为溶剂, 25.0~130.0 ℃ 、350.0 kPa 条件下, 反应 88.0h, 生成 (2R,3S,4S)-2-<(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl>pyrrolidin-3,4-diol
    参考文献:
    名称:
    抗结构性α-d-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂阿卡波糖
    摘要:
    摘要肠道α-d-葡萄糖苷酶的有效抑制剂和有效的口服降糖药假四糖阿卡波糖(1)的水解得到d-葡萄糖和三环化合物(1 R,2 S,3 R,4a S,7 R ,8 S,8a S,9a R)-1,2,3,4a,7,8,8a,9a-八氢-1,2,7,8-四羟基-3-[(1 R)-1-羟乙基] -6-羟甲基吡咯并-[2,1-b]苯并恶唑(6)进一步降解为1 l-(1,2,4 / 3)-1-羟甲基-2,3,4-环己三醇(validatol,25 )和(2 R,3 S,4 S)-2-[((1 R)-1-羟乙基]-吡咯烷-3,4-二醇(49))的硼氢化钠还原反应,然后进行催化氢化。1的甲醇分解得到α-和β-糖苷11和10,它们通过氢化裂解而得到25和甲基的4-氨基-4,6-二脱氧-α-和β-d-葡萄糖吡喃糖的α-和β-糖苷(紫草胺) ,38)。氢化后,有1个给出了 除了几种次要产品外,还有25和碱性三糖被乙酰化为viosamine
    DOI:
    10.1016/0008-6215(84)85333-1
  • 作为产物:
    描述:
    1,2,3,6,2',3',6',2'',3''-nona-O-acetyl-4'',6''-dideoxy-4''-<(1S)-(1,4,6/5)-4,5,6-triacetoxy-3-acetoxymethyl-2-cyclohexenylamino>-α-maltotriose 在 sodium methylate 作用下, 以 甲醇 为溶剂, 反应 2.0h, 以59%的产率得到acarbose
    参考文献:
    名称:
    阿卡波糖和adiposin-2的全合成
    摘要:
    摘要描述了α-d-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂阿卡波糖(1a)的第一个全合成。由1,6-β-麦芽三糖(3a)制得的1,6-脱水-4'-O-(3,4-脱水-6-脱氧-α-d-吡喃半乳糖基)-β-麦芽糖(21)和(+)-4,7:5,6-二-O-异丙基新戊二烯胺(28)通过色谱分离得到两种伪四糖衍生物,可分别作为过-O-乙酰基衍生物(29和31)分离,并在1H-nmr光谱学的基础。乙酰化后乙酰化,得到29的过乙酸盐(1b),将其过O-脱乙酰基得到1a。同样地,合成了从牛链霉菌TM-521的发酵液中分离出来的1a的6″-羟基类似物adiposin-2(2a)。
    DOI:
    10.1016/0008-6215(89)84107-2
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文献信息

  • Synthesis and study of the pancreatic α-amylase inhibitory activity of methyl acarviosin and its derivatives
    作者:Eisuke Kato、Fumiaki Chikahisa、Jun Kawabata
    DOI:10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.02.053
    日期:2016.3
    Pancreatic α-amylase is a target for type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment. However, small molecule inhibitors of α-amylase are currently scarce. In the course of developing small molecule α-amylase inhibitors, we designed and synthesized conjugates of glucose and acarviosin. The synthetic compounds showed mild α-amylase inhibitory activity with higher activity compared with non-glucose conjugated compounds
    胰腺α-淀粉酶是2型糖尿病治疗的靶标。但是,目前缺乏α-淀粉酶的小分子抑制剂。在开发小分子α-淀粉酶抑制剂的过程中,我们设计并合成了葡萄糖和Acarviosin的结合物。合成的化合物显示出温和的α-淀粉酶抑制活性,与非葡萄糖缀合的化合物相比具有更高的活性,但与杀螨剂相比则具有较低的活性。这些活性的比较表明,在酶反应过程中,Acarviosin的转糖基化作用。另外,通过这些转糖基化产物表达了对紫丁香素的α-淀粉酶抑制活性。
  • [EN] ANIONIC CONJUGATES OF GLYCOSYLATED BACTERIAL METABOLITE<br/>[FR] CONJUGUÉS ANIONIQUES D'UN MÉTABOLITE BACTÉRIEN GLYCOSYLÉ
    申请人:GLYCAN BIOSCIENCES PTY LTD
    公开号:WO2010037179A1
    公开(公告)日:2010-04-08
    The invention relates to anionic conjugates of glycosylated bacterial metabolites that may be used to mimic the structure and/or activity of the anionic bioactive molecules known as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The invention also relates to processes for the preparation of the conjugates. Such conjugates are useful in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of disease conditions and in particular chronic disease conditions such as inflammatory (including allergic) diseases, metastatic cancers and infection by pathogenic agents including bacteria, viruses or parasites.
    该发明涉及与糖基化细菌代谢产物的阴离子结合物,可用于模拟被称为糖胺聚糖(GAGs)的阴离子生物活性分子的结构和/或活性。该发明还涉及制备这些结合物的过程。这些结合物在预防和/或治疗疾病条件方面具有用处,特别是慢性疾病条件,如炎症(包括过敏)疾病、转移性癌症和感染病原体(包括细菌、病毒或寄生虫)的情况。
  • Preparation and uses of locked-ring sugar C-glycoside derivatives
    申请人:Price Neil P.
    公开号:US20080081905A1
    公开(公告)日:2008-04-03
    “Locked-ring” C-glycoside derivatives may be prepared wherein the ring of the sugar molecule remains intact without the need for any protecting groups. These C-glycoside derivatives may be produced by first reacting an aldose reducing sugar, which may be a hexose or a pentose, with a β-diketone to form a C-glycoside ketone. The C-glycoside ketone is then reacted with a ketone reactive compound, such as a hydrazine or hydroxylamine, optionally linked to a detectable label, to form a C-glycoside derivative wherein the ketone reactive compound is conjugated to the C-glycoside at the site of the ketone. The aldose reducing sugar used in the first reaction may a simple pentose or hexose monosaccharide, or it may be optionally substituted.
    可以制备“锁定环”C-糖苷衍生物,其中糖分子的环保持完整,无需任何保护基团。这些C-糖苷衍生物可以通过首先将醛糖还原糖(可以是己糖或戊糖)与β-二酮反应以形成C-糖苷酮。然后,将C-糖苷酮与酮反应性化合物(如肼或羟胺,可选地连接到可检测的标记)反应,形成一个C-糖苷衍生物,其中酮反应性化合物与C-糖苷在酮的位置结合。在第一反应中使用的醛糖还原糖可以是简单的戊糖或己糖单糖,也可以是可选择地取代的。
  • Transglycosylation reactions of Bacillus stearothermophilus maltogenic amylase with acarbose and various acceptors
    作者:Kwan Hwa Park、Myo Jeong Kim、Hee Seob Lee、Nam Soo Han、Doman Kim、John F Robyt
    DOI:10.1016/s0008-6215(98)00276-6
    日期:1998.12
    products in which PTS was primarily attached alpha-(1-->6) to D-glucose, D-mannose, D-galactose, and methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside. With D-fructopyranose and D-xylopyranose, PTS was linked alpha-(1-->5) and alpha-(1-->4), respectively. PTS was primarily transferred to C-6 of the nonreducing residue of maltose, cellobiose, lactose, and gentiobiose. Lesser amounts of alpha-(1-->3) and/or alpha-(1-->4) transfer
    观察到,嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌麦芽糖淀粉酶裂解了阿卡波糖的第一个糖苷键以产生葡萄糖和伪三糖(PTS),该伪三糖被转移到葡萄糖的C-6上形成α-(1-> 6)糖苷键,并且异卡波糖的形成。在消化液中添加许多不同的碳水化合物可得到转移产物,其中PTS主要附着在D-葡萄糖,D-甘露糖,D-半乳糖和甲基α-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷上α-(1-> 6)。用D-果糖吡喃糖和D-木吡喃糖将PTS分别链接为alpha-(1-> 5)和alpha-(1-> 4)。PTS主要转移到麦芽糖,纤维二糖,乳糖和龙胆二糖的非还原性残基的C-6上。这些碳水化合物受体也观察到较少量的α-(1-> 3)和/或α-(1-> 4)转移产物。蔗糖的主要转移产物使PTS连接到葡萄糖残基的alpha-(1-> 4)上。α,α-海藻糖产生了两种主要产品,PTS链接了alpha-(1-> 6)和alpha-(1-> 4)。麦芽糖醇给出了两种主要产物,其
  • Controlled reduction of acarbose: conformational analysis of acarbose and the resulting saturated products
    作者:Klaus Bock、Morten Meldal、Susanne Refn
    DOI:10.1016/0008-6215(91)80045-o
    日期:1991.12
    1----4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1----4)-D-Glc (4). The saturated compounds were isolated and characterised using 1H- and 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy. The preferred conformations of 1 and 2 were dependent on the state of ionisation of the bridging nitrogen atom. The inhibition by 1-4 of the hydrolysis of methyl beta-maltoside by glucoamylase has been investigated; 1 and 2 were strong inhibitors.
    在四糖淀粉酶抑制剂阿卡波糖(1)的非还原末端单元中的双键饱和,以阮内镍为催化剂,在pH 8下,得到57%的5a-carba--约1:1混合物葡萄糖(2)和-ido(3)异构体以及裂解产物,包括26%的三糖6-脱氧-α-D-Glcp4N-(1 ---- 4)-α-D-Glcp-(1-- --4)-D-Glc(4)。分离出饱和化合物,并使用1H-和13C-nmr光谱进行表征。1和2的优选构型取决于桥接氮原子的电离状态。已经研究了葡糖淀粉酶对1-4对甲基β-麦芽糖苷水解的抑制作用。1和2是强抑制剂。
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