毒理性
◉ 母乳喂养期间使用总结：肉豆蔻（Myristica fragrans）种子含有肉豆蔻酸、三肉豆蔻素、脂肪酸甘油酯和一种被认为引起肉豆蔻中毒的精油，含有肉豆蔻醚、黄樟醚、丁香酚、莎夫勒。马士加是一种由肉豆蔻种子的干燥外皮制成的类似香料。肉豆蔻没有特定的与哺乳有关的用途。目前没有关于肉豆蔻的任何成分排入母乳的数据，也没有关于哺乳期母亲或婴儿使用肉豆蔻的安全性和有效性的信息。美国食品药品监督管理局将肉豆蔻、马士加及其油“普遍认为是安全的”（GRAS）作为食品成分。高剂量的肉豆蔻（例如，一勺）可导致中毒，包括抗胆碱能症状。抗胆碱药可能会减少泌乳。体外研究发现，肉豆蔻可能具有抗孕酮活性，这也理论上可能影响泌乳。在哺乳期间应避免摄入高于食物调味剂中含量的肉豆蔻和马士加。
膳食补充剂不需要美国食品药品监督管理局的广泛市场前批准。制造商负责确保安全性，但在市场销售前不需要证明膳食补充剂的安全性和有效性。膳食补充剂可能含有多种成分，标签和实际成分或其含量之间经常发现差异。制造商可以与独立组织签订合同，以验证产品的质量或其成分，但这并不证明产品的安全或有效性。由于上述问题，一个产品的临床测试结果可能不适用于其他产品。有关膳食补充剂的更详细信息可以在LactMed网站的其它地方找到。
◉ 对母乳喂养婴儿的影响：截至修订日期，没有找到相关的已发布信息。
◉ 对泌乳和母乳的影响：截至修订日期，没有找到相关的已发布信息。
◉ Summary of Use during Lactation:Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) seeds contain myristic acid, trymiristin, fatty acid glycerides and an essential oil, thought to be responsible for nutmeg intoxication, containing myristicin, elemicin, eugenol, safrole. Mace is a similar spice made from the dried covering of the nutmeg seed. Nutmeg has no specific lactation-related uses. No data exist on the excretion of any components of nutmeg into breastmilk or on the safety and efficacy of nutmeg in nursing mothers or infants. Nutmeg, mace and their oils are "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) as food ingredients by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. High doses (e.g., a spoonful) of nutmeg can cause intoxication that includes anticholinergic symptoms. Anticholinergics may reduce lactation. In vitro studies found that nutmeg may have antiprogesterone activity, which also theoretically could affect lactation. Nutmeg and mace in amounts higher than those found in foods as a flavoring should be avoided during breastfeeding.
Dietary supplements do not require extensive pre-marketing approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Manufacturers are responsible to ensure the safety, but do not need to prove the safety and effectiveness of dietary supplements before they are marketed. Dietary supplements may contain multiple ingredients, and differences are often found between labeled and actual ingredients or their amounts. A manufacturer may contract with an independent organization to verify the quality of a product or its ingredients, but that does not certify the safety or effectiveness of a product. Because of the above issues, clinical testing results on one product may not be applicable to other products. More detailed information about dietary supplements is available elsewhere on the LactMed Web site.
◉ Effects in Breastfed Infants:Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.
◉ Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk:Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.
来源:Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed)
