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二硫化四乙基秋兰姆 | 97-77-8

中文名称
二硫化四乙基秋兰姆
中文别名
双硫仑;戒酒硫;双(二乙硫代氨基甲酰)二硫化物;促进剂TETD;双硫伦,双硫醒;二硫龙;双硫伦;安塔布司;双硫醒;双(二乙基硫代氨基甲酰)二硫化物;1,1'-二硫双(N,N-二乙基硫代甲酰胺);二磺法胺;TETD;四乙基二硫化秋兰姆;促进剂 TETD;四乙基硫代过氧化二碳酸二酰胺;四乙基秋兰姆二硫化物;二硫化双(二乙硫代氨甲酰);二硫化啡喃;二硫化四乙基硫尿;双硫仑(双硫醒)/二硫化四乙基秋兰姆;醇去氢酶,;乙醇脱氢酶(ADH);二硫化四乙胺甲硫醯基;预分散TETD-80;母胶粒TETD-80;药胶TETD-80;橡胶促进剂TETD
英文名称
disulfiram
英文别名
Tetraethylthiuram disulfide;DSF;disulphiram;TETD;antabuse;diethylcarbamothioylsulfanyl N,N-diethylcarbamodithioate
二硫化四乙基秋兰姆化学式
CAS
97-77-8
化学式
C10H20N2S4
mdl
MFCD00009048
分子量
296.546
InChiKey
AUZONCFQVSMFAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
BEILSTEIN
——
EINECS
——
  • 物化性质
  • 计算性质
  • ADMET
  • 安全信息
  • SDS
  • 制备方法与用途
  • 上下游信息
  • 反应信息
  • 文献信息
  • 表征谱图
  • 同类化合物
  • 相关功能分类
  • 相关结构分类

物化性质

  • 熔点:
    69-71 °C (lit.)
  • 沸点:
    117°C
  • 密度:
    1.27
  • 闪点:
    117°C/17mm
  • 溶解度:
    0.004g/l
  • 暴露限值:
    ACGIH: TWA 2 mg/m3NIOSH: TWA 2 mg/m3
  • LogP:
    3.6 at 21℃
  • 物理描述:
    Tetraethylthiuram disulfide appears as odorless or almost odorless white or almost white to tan powder. Unpleasant taste with metallic or garlic aftertaste. pH of a solution obtained by shaking 1 g with 30 mL of water is 6 to 8. (NTP, 1992)
  • 颜色/状态:
    WHITE TO OFF-WHITE CRYSTALLINE POWDER
  • 气味:
    Slight odor.
  • 味道:
    SLIGHTLY BITTER TASTE
  • 蒸汽压力:
    8.7X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C (est)
  • 水溶性:
    -4.86
  • 碰撞截面:
    165.5 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: TW, Method: calibrated with polyalanine and drug standards]
  • 保留指数:
    2135;2141
  • 稳定性/保质期:
    1. 避免与强氧化剂接触。
    2. 该物质溶于丙酮、苯、甲苯二硫化碳氯仿,微溶于乙醇和汽油,不溶于、稀酸和稀碱。它对皮肤和黏膜有刺激作用,但储存较为稳定。

计算性质

  • 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP):
    3.9
  • 重原子数:
    16
  • 可旋转键数:
    7
  • 环数:
    0.0
  • sp3杂化的碳原子比例:
    0.8
  • 拓扑面积:
    121
  • 氢给体数:
    0
  • 氢受体数:
    4

ADMET

代谢
肝脏的。
Hepatic.
来源:DrugBank
代谢
仑在肝脏中缓慢代谢为二乙基氨基甲酸酯、二乙胺二硫化碳。口服给药6小时后,血浆中三分之一的双仑以二乙基氨基甲酸酯的形式存在。
Disulfiram is slowly metabolized in the liver to diethyldithiocarbamate, diethylamine, and carbon disulfide. Six hr after oral administration of the drug, one third of plasma disulfiram is in the form of diethyldithiocarbamate.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
代谢
在大鼠中发现了以下双仑的代谢物:二乙基氨基甲酸酯;二乙基氨基甲酸酯S-葡萄糖苷酸;无机硫酸盐;二乙胺二硫化碳。少量的S以混合二键的形式与蛋白质结合。双仑在人体中的代谢与在动物中的类似。
In rats the following metabolites of disulfiram were found: diethyldithiocarbamate; diethyldithiocarbamate s-glucuronide; inorganic sulfate; diethylamine and carbon disulfide. A small amount of S was bound to proteins as mixed disulfides. ... Metabolism of disulfiram in man is similar to that in animals.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
代谢
最近,从4名口服四乙基硫脲硫化物剂量的男性的合并尿液中分离出了n,n-二乙基基甲酰-1-代-β-葡萄糖喃苷尿酸
Recently, n,n-diethylthiocarbamoyl-1-thio-beta-glucopyranosiduronic acid was isolated from combined urine of 4 men given oral doses of tetraethylthiuram disulfide.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
代谢
二乙基碳酸甲酯与其它双仑代谢物不同,它是一种有效的体外肝脏乙醛脱氢酶抑制剂。与双仑一样,二乙基碳酸甲酯在大鼠中具有显著的降温效果。这种降温效果以及大鼠对乙醇挑战的血压反应增强迅速发展,但双仑的效果略有延迟。血压反应持续的时间超过了二乙基碳酸甲酯在血浆中的存在时间(小于24小时);在单次剂量后的48小时内发现了显著效果,但在72小时后则没有效果。当乙醇二乙基碳酸甲酯或双仑前15分钟给予时,没有观察到效果。这两个观察结果与二乙基碳酸甲酯作为乙醛脱氢酶的自杀性抑制剂的功能一致。由于据报道二乙基碳酸甲酯即使在厌氧条件下也能抑制乙醛脱氢酶二乙基碳酸甲酯可能是双仑的活性代谢物。
Diethylthiocarbamic acid methyl ester, in contrast to other disulfiram metabolites, is a potent inhibitor of liver aldehyde dehydrogenase in vitro. Like disulfiram, diethylthiocarbamic acid methyl ester had a pronounced hypothermic effect in rats. This hypothermic effect and the augmented blood pressure response to ethanol challenge in rats developed rapidly with diethylthiocarbamic acid methyl ester but were somewhat delayed with disulfiram. The blood pressure response outlasted the presence of diethylthiocarbamic acid methyl ester in plasma (less than 24 hr); a significant effect was found 48 hr after pretreatment but not 72 hr after a single dose. No effect was observed when ethanol was given 15 min before diethylthiocarbamic acid methyl ester or disulfiram. These latter two observations are consistent with a function of diethylthiocarbamic acid methyl ester as a suicide inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase. Since diethylthiocarbamic acid methyl ester has been reported to inhibit aldehyde dehydrogenase in vitro, even under anaerobic conditions, diethylthiocarbamic acid methyl ester may be the active metabolite of disulfiram.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
  • 毒性总结
仑阻断了在双仑摄入后酒精代谢过程中乙醛阶段的酒精氧化,导致血液中乙醛积聚,产生非常不愉快的感觉。双仑通过其不可逆地灭活乙醛脱氢酶来阻断酒精的氧化,该酶在乙醇利用的第二步起作用。此外,双仑竞争性地结合并抑制外周苯二氮卓受体,这可能表明它在治疗酒精戒断症状方面有一定的价值,然而这种活性尚未被广泛研究。
Disulfiram blocks the oxidation of alcohol at the acetaldehyde stage during alcohol metabolism following disulfiram intake causing an accumulation of acetaldehyde in the blood producing highly unpleasant symptoms. Disulfiram blocks the oxidation of alcohol through its irreversible inactivation of aldehyde dehydrogenase, which acts in the second step of ethanol utilization. In addition, disulfiram competitively binds and inhibits the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor, which may indicate some value in the treatment of the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal, however this activity has not been extensively studied.
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
  • 肝毒性
慢性双仑治疗与高达25%的患者轻度血清转酶升高有关,但超过正常上限3倍的升高在4%的患者或更少。重要的是,双仑是临床明显肝损伤的已知原因,这种损伤可能是严重的,甚至致命的。急性肝损伤的估计发生率为每10,000到30,000患者治疗年中的1例。损伤通常在开始双仑治疗后的2到12周内出现,但在再次暴露的情况下潜伏期可能更短,可能仅在3到6个月后出现,特别是在间歇性治疗中。临床表现类似于急性病毒性肝炎,损伤模式通常为肝细胞型(案例1和2)。皮疹、发热和嗜酸性粒细胞增多并不少见,但很少严重。损伤可能是严重的(案例3),在出现黄疸的情况下,死亡率至少为10%。再次挑战或再次暴露通常与肝损伤的快速复发有关,应避免。其临床表现和病理学特征与酒精性肝炎有很大不同,双仑引起的肝损伤以病毒性肝炎样改变为特征,包括局灶性肝细胞坏死、小叶排列紊乱和慢性炎症细胞浸润伴嗜酸性粒细胞,但没有明显的脂肪、中性粒细胞或Mallory小体。在20世纪80年代和90年代,双仑常被列为急性肝损伤和药物性肝衰竭的最常见原因之一。近年来,双仑的使用减少,临床上明显的双仑肝损伤病例现在很少见。大多数双仑肝毒性的报道来自斯堪的纳维亚国家。 慢性双仑治疗可在肝细胞中引起广泛的均匀嗜酸性包涵体,类似于慢性HBsAg携带者可能出现的“磨玻璃”变化。 可能性评分:A(临床明显肝损伤的已知原因)。
Chronic therapy with disulfiram is associated with mild serum aminotransferase elevations in up to 25% of patients, but elevations above 3 times the upper limit of normal (ULN) occur in 4% of patients or less. Importantly, disulfiram is a well established cause of clinically apparent liver injury, which can be severe and even fatal. The estimated incidence of acute liver injury is 1 per 10,000 to 30,000 patient-years of disulfiram treatment. The injury usually arises within 2 to 12 weeks of starting disulfiram, but the latency can be shorter in cases of reexposure and may arise only after 3 to 6 months, particularly with intermittent therapy. The clinical presentation resembles acute viral hepatitis and the pattern of injury is typically hepatocellular (Cases 1 and 2). Rash, fever and eosinophilia are not uncommon, but are rarely severe. The injury can be severe (Case 3) and the fatality rate is at least 10% in cases with jaundice. Rechallenge or reexposure is usually associated with rapid recurrence of liver injury and should be avoided. The clinical presentation and histology differ greatly from alcoholic hepatitis, in that disulfiram liver injury is marked by viral hepatitis-like changes of focal hepatocellular necrosis, lobular disarray and chronic inflammatory cell infiltrates with eosinophils, but without significant fat, neutrophils or Mallory bodies. In the 1980s and 1990s, disulfiram was often listed among the most common causes of acute liver injury and liver failure due to medications. More recently, disulfiram use has decreased and cases of clinically apparent liver injury from disulfiram are now rare. The majority of cases of disulfiram hepatotoxicity have been reported from Scandinavian countries. Chronic therapy with disulfiram can cause widespread homogenous eosinophilic inclusions in hepatocytes, similar to the “ground glass” changes that can occur in chronic HBsAg carriers. Likelihood score: A (well known cause of clinically apparent liver injury).
来源:LiverTox
毒理性
  • 药物性肝损伤
化合物的名称:双
Compound:disulfiram
来源:Drug Induced Liver Injury Rank (DILIrank) Dataset
毒理性
  • 药物性肝损伤
DILI 注解:最令人关注的药物性肝损伤
DILI Annotation:Most-DILI-Concern
来源:Drug Induced Liver Injury Rank (DILIrank) Dataset
毒理性
  • 药物性肝损伤
严重等级:8
Severity Grade:8
来源:Drug Induced Liver Injury Rank (DILIrank) Dataset
吸收、分配和排泄
  • 吸收
仑从胃肠道吸收缓慢(口服剂量的80%至90%)。
Disulfiram is absorbed slowly from the gastrointestinal tract (80 to 90% of oral dose).
来源:DrugBank
吸收、分配和排泄
吸收双仑的速度较慢。口服剂量的80%到90%被吸收。它的生物转化主要发生在肝脏,单次剂量在1到2小时内就会开始影响乙醇代谢。
Absorption /of disulfiram is/ slow. Eighty to ninety percent of an oral dose is absorbed. /Its/ biotransformation /is predominately/ hepatic /and/ a single dose will begin to affect ethanol metabolism within 1 to 2 hours.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
仑完全从人体胃肠道吸收。然而,由于其高度溶于脂肪,最初定位于脂肪中,因此需要12小时才能发挥全部作用。消除相对缓慢,大约五分之一在一周结束时仍留在体内。吸收的药物大部分以硫酸盐的形式排出体外,部分是游离的,部分是酯化的。
Disulfiram is ... completely absorbed from the human GI tract. However, a period of 12 hr is required for its full action, perhaps because, being highly sol in lipid, it is initially localized in fat. Elimination is relatively slow, and about 1/5 still remains in body at end of a week. The greater part of the absorbed drug is ... excreted in the urine as the sulfate, partly free and partly esterified.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
在给予大鼠单次口服剂量50、100、200或400 mg/kg后,发现血液、肝脏、肾脏、脾脏、大脑、肌肉和附睾周脂肪组织中双仑的含量呈剂量依赖性。经过2个月的治疗后,累积量并不呈剂量依赖性,这表明各种器官可能达到了饱和点。
After a single oral dose of 50, 100, 200, or 400 mg/kg, disulfiram was found in dose-dependent quantities in blood, liver, kidney, spleen, brain, muscle, and peri-epididymal adipose tissue of rats. After a 2-mo treatment, accumulation was not dose-dependent, suggesting a saturation point for various organs.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
这项研究调查了戒酒药物双仑及其治疗上活性代谢物,代乙酰胺甲酯的人血浆蛋白结合特性。这两种化合物主要与白蛋白结合,分别在200-800 nM和345-2756 nM的浓度范围内。两种物质的平均结合位点数大约为一个,而平均结合常数分别为7.1×10^4/M和6.1×10^3/M。
The human plasma protein binding characteristics of disulfiram and its therapeutically active metabolite, diethylthiocarbamic acid methyl ester were investigated. Both compounds were bound principally to albumin over the ranges 200-800 and 345-2756 nM, respectively. The average number of binding sites was approximately one for both substances, whereas the average association constants were 7.1X10+4 and 6.1X10+3/M, respectively.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

安全信息

  • 职业暴露等级:
    B
  • 职业暴露限值:
    TWA: 2 mg/m3 [Precautions should be taken to avoid concurrent exposure to ethylene dibromide.]
  • TSCA:
    Yes
  • 危险等级:
    9
  • 危险品标志:
    Xn
  • 安全说明:
    S24,S37,S60,S61
  • 危险类别码:
    R22,R48/22,R50/53,R43
  • WGK Germany:
    3
  • 海关编码:
    29303000
  • 危险品运输编号:
    UN 3077 9/PG 3
  • 危险类别:
    9
  • RTECS号:
    JO1225000
  • 包装等级:
    III
  • 危险标志:
    GHS07,GHS08,GHS09
  • 危险性描述:
    H302,H317,H373,H410
  • 危险性防范说明:
    P273,P280,P501
  • 储存条件:
    储存于阴凉、通风的库房,远离火种、热源,防止阳光直射,包装密封。应与氧化剂分开存放,切忌混储。配备相应品种和数量的消防器材。储区应备有合适的材料收容泄漏物。

SDS

SDS:f3e447835fa8ed702c34c493e1379c70
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第一部分:化学品名称
化学品中文名称: 四乙基二代双甲羰酰胺;二硫化四乙基秋兰姆
化学品英文名称: Tetraethyl thiuramdisulfide;Disulfiram
中文俗名或商品名:
Synonyms:
CAS No.: 97-77-8
分子式: C 10 H 20 N 2 S 4
分子量: 296.56
第二部分:成分/组成信息
化学品 混合物
化学品名称:四乙基二代双甲羰酰胺;二硫化四乙基秋兰姆
有害物成分 含量 CAS No.
第三部分:危险性概述
危险性类别:
侵入途径: 吸入 食入 经皮吸收
健康危害: 本品属微毒类。对粘膜、皮肤有刺激作用,对皮肤有致敏作用。口服中毒剂量时,引起胃肠功能紊乱,出现恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻等。
环境危害: 对环境有危害,对体可造成污染。
燃爆危险: 本品属爆炸品,不燃,具刺激性,具致敏性。
第四部分:急救措施
皮肤接触: 用肥皂及清彻底冲洗。就医。
眼睛接触: 拉开眼睑,用流动清冲洗15分钟。就医。
吸入: 脱离现场至空气新鲜处。就医。
食入: 误服者,饮适量温,催吐。就医。
第五部分:消防措施
危险特性: 粉体与空气可形成爆炸性混合物。受高热分解,放出有毒的烟气。
有害燃烧产物: 一氧化碳二氧化碳、氮氧化物、氧化
灭火方法及灭火剂: 本品不燃。灭火时尽可能将容器从火场移至空旷处。然后根据着火原因选择适当灭火剂灭火。
消防员的个体防护:
禁止使用的灭火剂:
闪点(℃):
自燃温度(℃): 890
爆炸下限[%(V/V)]:
爆炸上限[%(V/V)]:
最小点火能(mJ):
爆燃点:
爆速:
最大燃爆压力(MPa):
建规火险分级:
第六部分:泄漏应急处理
应急处理: 隔离泄漏污染区,周围设警告标志,建议应急处理人员戴好口罩和手套。小心扫起,避免扬尘,置于袋中转移至安全场所。用刷洗泄漏污染区,经稀释的污放入废系统。如大量泄漏,收集回收或无害处理后废弃。
第七部分:操作处置与储存
操作注意事项: 密闭操作,局部排风。防止粉尘释放到车间空气中。操作人员必须经过专门培训,严格遵守操作规程。建议操作人员佩戴自吸过滤式防尘口罩,戴化学安全防护眼镜,穿防毒物渗透工作服,戴橡胶手套。避免产生粉尘。避免与氧化剂接触。配备泄漏应急处理设备。
储存注意事项: 储存于阴凉、通风的库房。远离火种、热源。防止阳光直射。包装密封。应与氧化剂分开存放,切忌混储。配备相应品种和数量的消防器材。储区应备有合适的材料收容泄漏物。
第八部分:接触控制/个体防护
最高容许浓度: 中 国 MAC:未制订标准前苏联MAC:未制订标准美国TLV—TWA:2mg/m3 美
监测方法:
工程控制: 生产过程密闭,全面通风。
呼吸系统防护: 空气中浓度较高时,应该佩戴防毒口罩。
眼睛防护: 必要时戴安全防护眼镜。
身体防护: 穿工作服。
手防护: 戴防护手套。
其他防护: 工作后,淋浴更衣。注意个人清洁卫生。
第九部分:理化特性
外观与性状: 黄白色结晶。
pH:
熔点(℃): 65~70