After initial administration, pravastatin undergoes extensive first-pass extraction in the liver. However, pravastatin's metabolism is not related to the activity of the cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes and its processing is performed in a minor extent in the liver. Therefore, this drug is highly exposed to peripheral tissues. The metabolism of pravastatin is ruled mainly by the presence of glucuronidation reactions with very minimal intervention of CYP3A enzymes. After metabolism, pravastatin does not produce active metabolites. This metabolism is mainly done in the stomach followed by a minor portion of renal and hepatic processing. The major metabolite formed as part of pravastatin metabolism is the 3-alpha-hydroxy isomer. The activity of this metabolite is very clinically negligible.
The major biotransformation pathways for pravastatin are: (a) isomerization to 6-epi pravastatin and the 3a-hydroxyisomer of pravastatin (SQ 31,906) and (b) enzymatic ring hydroxylation to SQ 31,945. The 3a-hydroxyisomeric metabolite (SQ 31,906) has 1/10 to 1/40 the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory activity of the parent compound. Pravastatin undergoes extensive first-pass extraction in the liver (extraction ratio 0.66).
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Pravastatin, a hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor (i.e., statin), is an antilipemic agent. Pravastatin occurs as an odorless, white to off-white, fine or crystalline powder formulated into a tablet. It is used as an adjunct to lifestyle modifications for prevention of cardiovascular events and for the management of dyslipidemias. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Pravastatin is contraindicated for use in pregnant woman because of the potential for fetal harm. There have also been rare reports of fatal and non-fatal hepatic failure in patients taking statins, including pravastatin. Also, rare cases of rhabdomyolysis with acute renal failure secondary to myoglobinuria have been reported with pravastatin and other drugs in this class. A history of renal impairment may be a risk factor for the development of rhabdomyolysis. ANIMAL STUDIES: Acute studies were performed in both mice and rats. Signs of toxicity in mice were decreased activity, irregular respiration, ptosis, lacrimation, soft stool, diarrhea, urine-stained abdomen, ataxia, creeping behavior, loss of righting reflex, hypothermia, urinary incontinence, pilo-erection convulsion and/or prostration. Signs of toxicity in rats were soft stool, diarrhea, decreased activity, irregular respiration, waddling gait, and ataxia, loss of righting reflex and/or weight loss. In a 2-year study in rats fed pravastatin at doses of 10, 30, or 100 mg/kg bw, there was an increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas in males at the highest dose. Likewise, in a 2-year study in mice fed pravastatin at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg/day, there was an increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas in males and females; lung adenomas in females were increased. In dogs, pravastatin sodium was toxic at high doses and caused cerebral hemorrhage with clinical evidence of acute CNS toxicity such as ataxia, convulsions. The threshold dose for CNS toxicity is 25 mg/kg. Cerebral hemorrhages have not been observed in any other laboratory species and the CNS toxicity in dogs may represent a species-specific effect. In pregnant rats given oral gavage doses of 4, 20, 100, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/day from gestation days 7 through 17 (organogenesis) increased mortality of offspring and increased cervical rib skeletal anomalies were observed at >/= 100 mg/kg/day. In pregnant rats given oral gavage doses of 10, 100, and 1000 mg/kg/day from gestation day 17 through lactation day 21 (weaning), increased mortality of offspring and developmental delays were observed at >/= 100 mg/kg/day. In a fertility study in adult rats with daily doses up to 500 mg/kg, pravastatin did not produce any adverse effects on fertility or general reproductive performance. No evidence of mutagenicity was observed in vitro, with or without metabolic activation, in the following studies: microbial mutagen tests, using mutant strains of Salmonella typhimurium or Escherichia coli; a forward mutation assay in L5178Y TK +/- mouse lymphoma cells; a chromosomal aberration test in hamster cells; and a gene conversion assay using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In addition, there was no evidence of mutagenicity in either a dominant lethal test in mice or a micronucleus test in mice.
Pravastatin therapy is associated with mild, asymptomatic and usually transient serum aminotransferase elevations. In summary analyses of large scale studies with prospective monitoring, ALT elevations above normal occurred in 3% to 7% of patients; but levels above 3 times the upper limit of normal (ULN) occurred in less than 1.2% of both pravastatin- as well as in placebo-treated subjects. Most of these elevations were self-limited and did not require dose modification. Pravastatin has been only rarely associated with clinically apparent hepatic injury with symptoms or jaundice at a rate estimated to be 1 per 100,000 users or less. In the case reports, latency varied from 2 to 9 months and the pattern of serum enzyme elevations from cholestatic to hepatocellular. Recovery was complete within a few months. Rash, fever and eosinophilia were uncommon as were autoantibodies, but few cases have been reported and the full clinical syndrome not well defined. Pravastatin appears to be less likely to cause clinically apparent liver injury than atorvastatin, simvastatin and rosuvastatin.
Pravastatin is absorbed 60-90 min after oral administration and it presents a low bioavailability of 17%. This low bioavailability can be presented due to the polar nature of pravastatin which produces a high range of first-pass metabolism and incomplete absorption. Pravastatin is rapidly absorbed from the upper part of the small intestine via proton-coupled carrier-mediated transport to be later taken up in the livery by the sodium-independent bile acid transporter. The reported time to reach the peak serum concentration in the range of 30-55 mcg/L is of 1-1.5 hours with an AUC ranging from 60-90 mcg.h/L.
From the administered dose of pravastatin, about 70% is eliminated in the feces while about 20% is obtained in the urine. When pravastatin is administered intravenously, approximately 47% of the administered dose is eliminated via the urine with 53% of the dose eliminated either via biotransformation of biliary.
The reported steady-state volume of distribution of pravastatin is reported to be of 0.5 L/kg. This pharmacokinetic parameter in children was found to range from 31-37 ml/kg.
/MILK/ In lactating rats, up to 7 times higher levels of pravastatin are present in the breast milk than in the maternal plasma, which corresponds to exposure 2 times the MRHD of 80 mg/day based on body surface area (mg/sq m).
[EN] BENZAMIDE OR BENZAMINE COMPOUNDS USEFUL AS ANTICANCER AGENTS FOR THE TREATMENT OF HUMAN CANCERS<br/>[FR] COMPOSÉS BENZAMIDE OU BENZAMINE À UTILISER EN TANT QU'ANTICANCÉREUX POUR LE TRAITEMENT DE CANCERS HUMAINS
申请人:UNIV TEXAS
公开号:WO2017007634A1
公开(公告)日:2017-01-12
The described invention provides small molecule anti-cancer compounds for treating tumors that respond to cholesterol biosynthesis inhibition. The compounds selectively inhibit the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway in tumor-derived cancer cells, but do not affect normally dividing cells.
DISUBSTITUTED TRIFLUOROMETHYL PYRIMIDINONES AND THEIR USE
申请人:BAYER PHARMA AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT
公开号:US20160221965A1
公开(公告)日:2016-08-04
The present application relates to novel 2,5-disubstituted 6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-4(3H)-one derivatives, to processes for their preparation, to their use alone or in combinations for the treatment and/or prevention of diseases, and to their use for preparing medicaments for the treatment and/or prevention of diseases, in particular for treatment and/or prevention of cardiovascular, renal, inflammatory and fibrotic diseases.
[EN] CATHEPSIN CYSTEINE PROTEASE INHIBITORS<br/>[FR] INHIBITEURS DE PROTÉASES À CYSTÉINE DE TYPE CATHEPSINES
申请人:MERCK SHARP & DOHME
公开号:WO2015054038A1
公开(公告)日:2015-04-16
This invention relates to a novel class of compounds which are cysteine protease inhibitors, including but not limited to, inhibitors of cathepsins K, L, S and B. These compounds are useful for treating diseases in which inhibition of bone resorption is indicated, such as osteoporosis.
Small molecules for treatment of hypercholesterolemia and related diseases
申请人:Sircar C. Jagadish
公开号:US20050277690A1
公开(公告)日:2005-12-15
The present invention provides compositions adapted to enhance reverse cholesterol transport in mammals. The compositions are suitable for oral delivery and useful in the treatment and/or prevention of hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis and associated cardiovascular diseases.
[EN] SULFONYL COMPOUNDS THAT INTERACT WITH GLUCOKINASE REGULATORY PROTEIN<br/>[FR] COMPOSÉS DE SULFONYLE QUI INTERAGISSENT AVEC LA PROTÉINE RÉGULATRICE DE LA GLUCOKINASE
申请人:AMGEN INC
公开号:WO2013123444A1
公开(公告)日:2013-08-22
The present invention relates to sulfonyl compounds that interact with glucokinase regulatory protein. In addition, the present invention relates to methods of treating type 2 diabetes, and other diseases and/or conditions where glucokinase regulatory protein is involved using the compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and pharmaceutical compositions that contain the compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.