Aluminum is poorly absorbed following either oral or inhalation exposure and is essentially not absorbed dermally. The bioavailability of aluminum is strongly influenced by the aluminum compound and the presence of dietary constituents which can complex with aluminum and enhance or inhibit its absorption. Aluminum binds to various ligands in the blood and distributes to every organ, with highest concentrations found in bone and lung tissues. In living organisms, aluminum is believed to exist in four different forms: as free ions, as low-molecular-weight complexes, as physically bound macromolecular complexes, and as covalently bound macromolecular complexes. Absorbed aluminum is excreted principally in the urine and, to a lesser extent, in the bile, while unabsorbed aluminum is excreted in the faeces. (L739)
The main target organs of aluminum are the central nervous system and bone. Aluminum binds with dietary phosphorus and impairs gastrointestinal absorption of phosphorus. The decreased phosphate body burden results in osteomalacia (softening of the bones due to defective bone mineralization) and rickets. Aluminum's neurotoxicity is believed to involve several mechanisms. Changes in cytoskeletal protein functions as a results of altered phosphorylation, proteolysis, transport, and synthesis are believed to be one cause. Aluminum may induce neurobehavioral effects by affecting permeability of the blood-brain barrier, cholinergic activity, signal transduction pathways, lipid peroxidation, and impair neuronal glutamate nitric oxide-cyclic GMP pathway, as well as interfere with metabolism of essential trace elements because of similar coordination chemistries and consequent competitive interactions. It has been suggested that aluminum's interaction with estrogen receptors increases the expression of estrogen-related genes and thereby contributes to the progression of breast cancer (A235), but studies have not been able to establish a clear link between aluminum and increased risk of breast cancer (A15468). Certain aluminum salts induce immune responses by activating inflammasomes. (L739, A235, A236)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌性证据
A4:未被分类为人类致癌物。/铝金属和不溶性化合物/
A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Aluminum metal and insoluble compounds/
Not listed by IARC. IARC classified aluminum production as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), but did not implicate aluminum itself as a human carcinogen. (L135) A link between use of aluminum-containing antiperspirants and increased risk of breast cancer has been proposed (A235), but studies have not been able to establish a clear link (A15468).
Aluminum targets the nervous system and causes decreased nervous system performance and is associated with altered function of the blood-brain barrier. The accumulation of aluminum in the body may cause bone or brain diseases. High levels of aluminum have been linked to Alzheimer's disease. A small percentage of people are allergic to aluminium and experience contact dermatitis, digestive disorders, vomiting or other symptoms upon contact or ingestion of products containing aluminium. (L739, L740)
1.周国泰,化学危险品安全技术全书,化学工业出版社,1997 2.国家环保局有毒化学品管理办公室、北京化工研究院合编,化学品毒性法规环境数据手册,中国环境科学出版社.1992 3.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety,CHEMINFO Database.1998 4.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, RTECS Database, 1989
Structure-Activity Relationships for the Anaesthetic and Analgaesic Properties of Aromatic Ring-Substituted Ketamine Esters
作者:Ivaylo V. Dimitrov、Martyn G. Harvey、Logan J. Voss、James W. Sleigh、Michael J. Bickerdike、William A. Denny
DOI:10.3390/molecules25122950
日期:——
from the corresponding substituted norketamines. Few of the latter have been reported since they have not been generally accessible via known routes. We report a new generalroute to many of these norketamines via the Neber (oxime to α-aminoketone) rearrangement of readily available substituted 2-phenycyclohexanones. We explored the use of the substituents Cl, Me, OMe, CF3, and OCF3, with a wide range
[EN] HETEROCYCLIC MODULATORS OF LIPID SYNTHESIS AND COMBINATIONS THEREOF<br/>[FR] MODULATEURS HÉTÉROCYCLIQUES DE LA SYNTHÈSE DES LIPIDES ET COMBINAISONS EN CONTENANT
申请人:3 V BIOSCIENCES INC
公开号:WO2015095767A1
公开(公告)日:2015-06-25
Heterocyclic modulators of lipid synthesis are provided as well as pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds; and methods of treating conditions characterized by disregulation of a fatty acid synthase pathway by the administration of such compounds and combinations of such compounds and other therapeutic agents.
these results the optimal porphyrins can be selected for the desired binding interactions. We also show how to use DFT calculations to evaluate the potential binding between a metalloporphyrin and a ligand, which is deduced from free energies of binding ΔG, charge transfer ΔQ, and change of metal spin state. Computations on unsubstituted porphyrins in lieu of tetraphenyl porphyrin systems yield reliable
The non-symmetric azodicarbonyl compound 7 reacted with R-M/Lewis acid regioselectively at the nitrogen atom attached to the amide group giving 9, whereas it reacted with R-M at the nitrogen atom attached to the ester group producing 8 in high yield.
An asymmetric approach to 2-deoxynucleosides via organosulfur building blocks as chemical chameleons
作者:Barry M. Trost、Christoph Nübling
DOI:10.1016/0008-6215(90)84067-5
日期:1990.7
asymmetric synthesis of 6-N-benzoyl-5'-O-benzyl-2'-deoxyadenosine and its a anomer from non-carbohydrate buildingblocks is achieved in 7 steps. The sequence builds the basic structures using bis(methylthio)methane and methylthiomethyl phenyl sulfone as both nucleophilic and electrophilic buildingblocks, a feature that suggests their behavior as chemical chameleons. The asymmetric induction is achieved