Though tin metal is very poorly absorbed, tin compounds may be absorbed via oral, inhalation, or dermal routes, with organotin compounds being much more readily absorbed than inorganic tin compounds. Tin may enter the bloodstream and bind to hemoglobin, where it is distributed and accumulates mainly in the kidney, liver, lung, and bone. Organotin compounds may undergo dealkylation, hydroxylation, dearylation, and oxidation catalyzed by cytochrome P-450 enzymes in the liver. The alkyl products of dealkylation are conjugated with glutathione and further metabolized to mercapturic acid derivatives. Tin and its metabolites are excreted mainly in the urine and feces. (L308)
Organotin compounds produce neurotoxic and immunotoxic effects. Organotins may directly activate glial cells contributing to neuronal cell degeneration by local release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-_, and/or interleukins. They may also induce apoptosis by direct action on neuronal cells. Organotin compounds stimulate the neuronal release of and/or decrease of neuronal cell uptake of neurotransmitters in brain tissue, including aspartate, GABA, glutamate, norepinephrine, and serotonin. This may be either a contributing factor to or result of the neuronal cell loss. The immunotoxic effects of organotins are characterized by thymic atrophy caused by the suppression of proliferation of immature thymocytes and apoptosis of mature thymocytes. Organotin compounds are believed to exert these effects by suppressing DNA and protein synthesis, inducing the expression of genes involved in apoptosis (such as nur77), and disrupting the regulation of intracellular calcium levels, giving rise to the uncontrolled production of reactive oxygen species, release of cytochrome c to the cytosol, and the proteolytic and nucleolytic cascade of apoptosis. The suppression of proliferation of immature thymocytes further results in the suppression of T-cell-mediated immune responses. Organotins are also endocrine disruptors and are believed to contribute to obesity by inappropriate receptor activation, leading to adipocyte differentiation. Inorganic tin triggers eryptosis, contributing to tin-induced anemia. (L308, A182, A184)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类无致癌性(未列入国际癌症研究机构IARC清单)。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Breathing or swallowing, or skin contact with organotins, can interfere with the way the brain and nervous system work, causing death in severe cases. Organic tin compounds may also damage the immune and reproductive system. (L307, L308)
1.周国泰,化学危险品安全技术全书,化学工业出版社,1997 2.国家环保局有毒化学品管理办公室、北京化工研究院合编,化学品毒性法规环境数据手册,中国环境科学出版社.1992 3.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety,CHEMINFO Database.1998 4.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, RTECS Database, 1989
Divergent Synthesis of Tunable Cyclopentadienyl Ligands and Their Application in Rh-Catalyzed Enantioselective Synthesis of Isoindolinone
作者:Wen-Jun Cui、Zhi-Jie Wu、Qing Gu、Shu-Li You
DOI:10.1021/jacs.0c02813
日期:2020.4.22
unprecedented enantioselective [4+1] annulation reaction of benzamides and alkenes was achieved with a broad substrate scope under mild reaction conditions, providing a variety of isoindolinones with excellent regio- and enantioselectivity (up to 94% yield, 97:3 er). Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that the reaction involves an oxidative Heck reaction and an intramolecular enantioselective alkene
作者:Martin H. Hedberg、Anette M. Johansson、Uli Hacksell
DOI:10.1039/c39920000845
日期:——
New and efficient synthetic routes, utilizing palladium-catalysed reactions, provide (R)-11-hydroxy-10-methylaporphine 2 and (R)-11-hydroxyaporphine 3 from natural morphine 4.
Fesulphos-Palladium(II) Complexes as Well-Defined Catalysts for Enantioselective Ring Opening of Meso Heterobicyclic Alkenes with Organozinc Reagents
作者:Silvia Cabrera、Ramón Gómez Arrayás、Inés Alonso、Juan C. Carretero
DOI:10.1021/ja055692b
日期:2005.12.1
The air-stable and readily available cationic methyl palladium(II) complexes of planarchiral Fesulphos ligands [(Fesulphos)Pd(Me)(PhCN)]+ X- are highlyefficientcatalysts for the alkylative ringopening of oxa- and azabicyclicalkenes with dialkylzinc reagents, showing broad scope with regards to both the bicyclic substrate and the dialkylzinc reagent. Catalyst loading as low as 0.5 mol % is sufficient
Di(aromatic) compounds and their use in human and veterinary medicine
申请人:Centre International de Recherches Dermatologiques Galderma (Cird
公开号:US05387594A1
公开(公告)日:1995-02-07
Di(aromatic) compounds corresponding to the following formula: ##STR1## in which: Ar represents either ##STR2## n=1 or 2 or: ##STR3## X represents a divalent radical, Z represents O, S or a divalent radical, and R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 represent a hydrogen atom or various organic radicals, and the salts of the compounds of formula (I) when R.sub.1 is a carboxylic acid function. Use in human and veterinary medicine and in cosmetics.
Alkyl-Substituted Allylic Lithium Compounds: Structure and Dynamic Behavior
作者:Gideon Fraenkel、Fayang Qiu
DOI:10.1021/ja002248u
日期:2000.12.1
methyl-substituted allylic lithium compounds have been prepared by CH3Li cleavage of their corresponding bis(methyl)bis(allylic)stannanes. Low-temperature 13C and proton NMR studies of 1:1 complexes of these allylic lithium compounds with TMEDA establish their structures. NMR line shape changes with temperature provide barriers to rotation. Results are listed in order as follows (allyl substituents, compound number