Nickel is absorbed mainly through the lungs and gastrointestinal tract. Once in the body it enters the bloodstream, where it binds to albumin, L-histidine, and _2-macroglobulin. Nickel tends to accumulate in the lungs, thyroid, kidney, heart, and liver. Absorbed nickel is excreted in the urine, wherease unabsorbed nickel is excreted in the faeces. (L41)
Nickel is known to substitute for other essential elements in certain enzmes, such as calcineurin. It is genotoxic, and some nickel compounds have been shown to promote cell proliferation. Nickel has a high affinity for chromatin proteins, particularly histones and protamines. The complexing of nickel ions with heterochromatin results in a number of alterations including condensation, DNA hypermethylation, gene silencing, and inhibition of histone acetylation, which have been shown to disturb gene expression. Nickel has also been shown to alter several transcription factors, including hypoxia-inducible transcription factor, activating transcription factor, and NF-KB transcription factor. There is also evidence that nickel ions inhibit DNA repair, either by directly inhibiting DNA repair enzymes or competing with zinc ions for binding to zinc-finger DNA binding proteins, resulting in structural changes in DNA that prevent repair enzymes from binding. Nickel ions can also complex with a number of cellular ligands including amino acids, peptides, and proteins resulting in the generation of oxygen radicals, which induce base damage, DNA strand breaks, and DNA protein crosslinks. (L41, A40)
The most common harmful health effect of nickel in humans is an allergic reaction. This usually manifests as a skin rash, although some people experience asthma attacks. Long term inhahation of nickel causes chronic bronchitis and reduced lung function, as well as damage to the naval cavity. Ingestion of excess nickel results in damage to the stomach, blood, liver, kidneys, and immune system, as well as having adverse effects on reproduction and development. (L41)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
暴露途径
吸入 (L41) ; 口服 (L41) ; 经皮 (L41)
Inhalation (L41) ; oral (L41) ; dermal (L41)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
症状
镍中毒的症状包括头痛、恶心、呕吐、眩晕、易怒和睡眠困难，随后可能出现胸痛、出汗、心跳加快和干咳。
Symptoms of nickel poisoning include headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, irritability, and difficulty sleeping, followed by chest pains, sweating, rapid heart beat, and a dry cough. (L42)
[3 + 3] Cyclodimerization of Methylenecyclopropanes: Stoichiometric and Catalytic Reactions of Nickel(0) with Electron-Deficient Alkylidenecyclopropanes
摘要：
Stoichiometric treatment of Ni(cod)(2) with ethyl cyclopropylideneacetate (ECPA) in the presence of PCy3 resulted in an unpredicted formation of a Ni(0) complex bearing an (E,E)-1,2-bis(exo-alkylidene)cyclohexane ligand, which stemmed from the [3 + 3] cyclodimerization of ECPA. The reaction could be expanded to a Ni(0)-catalyzed [3 + 3] cyclodimerization reaction of ester-substituted methylenecyclopropanes, giving the corresponding cyclohexane derivatives in excellent yields.
Photoredox Nickel-Catalyzed C–S Cross-Coupling: Mechanism, Kinetics, and Generalization
作者：Yangzhong Qin、Rui Sun、Nikolas P. Gianoulis、Daniel G. Nocera
DOI：10.1021/jacs.0c11937
日期：2021.2.3
self-sustained productive Ni(I/III) cycle leading to a quantum yield Φ > 1; (ii) found that pyridinium iodide, formed in situ, serves as the dominant quencher for the excited state photocatalyst and a critical redox mediator to facilitate the formation of the active Ni(I) catalyst; and (iii) observed critical intermediates and determined the rate constants associated with their reactivity. Not only do the findings
A Radical Approach to Anionic Chemistry: Synthesis of Ketones, Alcohols, and Amines
作者：Shengyang Ni、Natalia M. Padial、Cian Kingston、Julien C. Vantourout、Daniel C. Schmitt、Jacob T. Edwards、Monika M. Kruszyk、Rohan R. Merchant、Pavel K. Mykhailiuk、Brittany B. Sanchez、Shouliang Yang、Matthew A. Perry、Gary M. Gallego、James J. Mousseau、Michael R. Collins、Robert J. Cherney、Pavlo S. Lebed、Jason S. Chen、Tian Qin、Phil S. Baran
DOI：10.1021/jacs.9b02238
日期：2019.4.24
Historically accessed through two-electron, anionicchemistry, ketones, alcohols, and amines are of foundational importance to the practice of organic synthesis. After placing this work in proper historical context, this Article reports the development, full scope, and a mechanistic picture for a strikingly different way of forging such functional groups. Thus, carboxylic acids, once converted to redox-active
Nickel-catalyzed hydrocarboxylation of ynamides with CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O: observation of unexpected regioselectivity
作者：Ryohei Doi、Iman Abdullah、Takahisa Taniguchi、Nozomi Saito、Yoshihiro Sato
DOI：10.1039/c7cc03127k
日期：——
α-amino-α,β-unsaturated esters with high regioselectivities. The selective α-carboxylation of ynamides with this catalytic protocol is unexpected in view of the electronic bias of ynamides and is in sharp contrast to our previous study in which a stoichiometric amount of Ni(0) was used to form a β-carboxylated product exclusively. We revealed that this unexpected C–C bond formation was induced by the
Ni-Catalyzed Reductive Cyanation of Aryl Halides and Phenol Derivatives via Transnitrilation
作者：L. Reginald Mills、Joshua M. Graham、Purvish Patel、Sophie A. L. Rousseaux
DOI：10.1021/jacs.9b11208
日期：2019.12.11
reductive coupling for the synthesis of benzonitriles from aryl (pseudo)halides and an electrophilic cyanating reagent, 2-methyl-2-phenyl malononitrile (MPMN). MPMN is a bench-stable, carbon-bound electrophilic CN reagent that does not release cyanide under the reaction conditions. A variety of medicinally relevant benzonitriles can be made in good yields. Addition of NaBr to the reaction mixture allows for
Nickel-Catalyzed Cyanation of Aryl Halides and Hydrocyanation of Alkynes via C–CN Bond Cleavage and Cyano Transfer
作者：Hui Chen、Shuhao Sun、Yahu A. Liu、Xuebin Liao
DOI：10.1021/acscatal.9b04586
日期：2020.1.17
methods to prepare aryl nitriles and vinyl nitriles from arylhalides and alkynes, respectively. Using inexpensive and non-toxic 4-cyanopyridine N-oxide as the cyano shuttle, the methods provide an efficient approach to prepare aryl cyanides and vinyl nitriles under mild and operationally simple reaction conditions with a broad range of functional group tolerance. In hydrocyanation of alkynes, the method
