Soluble in ethanol, ether, acetone, benzene (U.S. EPA, 1985), toluene, xylenes, and other
monoaromatic hydrocarbons.
物理描述：
Benz[a]anthracene appears as colorless leaflets or plates or coarse gold powder with a greenish-yellow fluorescence. May reasonably be expected to be a carcinogen.
颜色/状态：
Plates from glacial acetic acid or alcohol
蒸汽压力：
2.1X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C
亨利常数：
1.20e-05 atm-m3/mole
稳定性/保质期：
这是一个段落的标题。
分解：
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions - Carbon oxides.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Benz
相对蒸发率：
Evaporative half-life of benzo(a)anthracene in a rapidly-stirred aqueous solution is 89 hours.
The cytochrome P450 isoforms responsible for the regio-selective metabolism of benz[a]anthracene (BA) are poorly defined but as with other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may include members of the CYP2C sub-family. Since the expression of some of these is regulated in a gender-specific manner and may be altered by age, rat strain or by phenobarbital treatment, the effects of these variables on metabolism of BA to diols was investigated. These studies used hepatic, microsomal membranes from immature and adult Long-Evans rats and adult Hooded Lister rats. BA-diols were resolved by normal phase HPLC into three discrete peaks identified as benz[a]anthracene-5,6-diol (BA-5,6-diol), benz[a]anthracene-10, 11-diol (BA-10,11-diol) and a mixture of benz[a]anthracene-3,4- and -8,9-diols (BA-3,4-diol and BA-8,9-diol and termed Peak(3/8)). Significant gender-related differences were found in the rates of diol formation in adults of both the Long-Evans and Hooded Lister rat strains. Formation of BA-10,11-diol and to a lesser extent the components of Peak(3/8) were greater in the male compared to female animals by factors of at least 14 and two, respectively. An age-dependent effect is also observed in the Long-Evans rat since these differences are still apparent in prepubertal animals but to a lesser extent (gender ratio male:female BA-10,11-diol 9X; Peak(3/8) 1.4X). In contrast BA-5,6-diol was formed at similar rates by membranes from female and male rats whether mature (Long-Evans and Hooded Lister) or immature (Long-Evans). Phenobarbital treatment of the adult Long-Evans rats resulted in a moderate increase in the formation of each diol other than at the 10,11-position and the induction was not gender specific. The rate of formation of BA-10, 11-diol was decreased in phenobarbital-treated male rats suggesting modulation of a male specific isoform. Measurement of microsomal epoxide hydrolase revealed no gender or age differences and suggests that this enzyme is not rate limiting in BA-diol formation and thus is not responsible for the differences in BA-diol formation observed. The results suggest that CYP2C11 along with a male-specific isoenzyme not regulated by age are important in the formation of BA-10,11-diol and a component(s) of Peak(3/8) in males. CYPs 2B2 and/or 2C6 appear to be involved in formation of BA-5,6-diol in male and female. ...
Benz[a]anthracene (BA) is one of the most abundant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that are ubiquitous environmental pollutants. PAH carcinogenesis is explained by DNA adduct formation by PAH diol epoxide and oxidative DNA damage by PAH o-quinone. Benz[a]anthracene-trans-3,4-dihydrodiol (BA-3,4-dihydrodiol) is a minor metabolite but shows higher mutagenicity and tumorigenicity than parent BA. We confirmed that a BA o-quinone type metabolite, benz[a]anthracene-3,4-dione (BA-3,4-dione), induced oxidative DNA damage in the presence of cytochrome P450 reductase. ... We found that BA-3,4-dihydrodiol nonenzymatically caused Cu(II)-mediated DNA damage including 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine formation and the addition of NADH enhanced DNA damage. BA-3,4-dihydrodiol induced a double-base lesion of C and G at the 5'-ACG-3' sequence complementary to codon 273 of the human p53 tumor suppressor gene, which is known as a hotspot. The DNA damage was inhibited by catalase and bathocuproine, indicating the involvement of H(2)O(2) and Cu(I). Time-of-flight mass spectroscopic study suggested that BA-3,4-dihydrodiol undergoes Cu(II)-mediated autoxidation leading to the formation of its hydroxylated form of BA-3,4-dihydrodiol, capable of causing oxidative DNA damage. It is noteworthy that BA-3,4-dihydrodiol can nonenzymatically induce DNA damage more efficiently than BA-3,4-dione with metabolic activation. In conclusion, oxidative DNA damage induced by BA-3,4-dihydrodiol not only via quinone-type redox cycle but also via a new type of redox cycle participates in the expression of carcinogenicity of BA and BA-3,4-dihydrodiol.
Cultures of Mycobacterium vanbaalenii strain PYR-1 grown in mineral salts medium and nutrients in the presence of benz[a]anthracene metabolized 15% of the added benz[a]anthracene after 12 days of incubation. Neutral and acidic ethyl acetate extractable metabolites were isolated and characterized by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and uv-visible absorption, gas chromatography/mass (GC/MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectral analysis. Trimethylsilylation of the metabolites followed by GC/MS analysis facilitated identification of metabolites. The characterization of metabolites indicated that M. vanbaalenii initiated attack of benz[a]anthracene at the C-1,2-, C-5,6-, C-7,12- and C-10,11-positions to form dihydroxylated and methoxylated intermediates. The major site of enzymatic attack was in the C-10, C-11 positions. Subsequent ortho- and meta-cleavage of each of the aromatic rings led to the accumulation of novel ring-fission metabolites in the medium. The major metabolites identified were 3-hydrobenzo[f]isobenzofuran-1-one (3.2%), 6-hydrofuran[3,4-g]chromene-2,8-dione (1.3%), benzo[g]chromene-2-one (1.7%), naphtho[2,1-g]chromen-10-one (48.1%), 10-hydroxy-11-methoxybenz[a]anthracene (9.3%), and 10,11-dimethoxybenz[a]anthracene (36.4%). Enzymatic attack at the C-7 and C-12 positions resulted in the formation of benz[a]anthracene-7,12-dione, 1-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)-2-naphthoic acid, and 1-benzoyl-2-naphthoic acid. A phenyl-naphthyl metabolite, 3-(2-carboxylphenyl)-2-naphthoic acid, was formed when M. vanbaalenii was incubated with benz[a]anthracene cis-5,6-dihydrodiol, indicating ortho-cleavage of 5,6-dihydroxybenz[a]anthracene. A minor amount of 5,6-dimethoxybenz[a]anthracene was also formed. The data extend and propose novel pathways for the bacterial metabolism of benz[a]anthracene.
Cultures of the ligninolytic fungus Irpex lacteus incubated in a nutrient liquid medium degraded more than 70% of the initially applied benz[a]anthracene within 14 days. At the first step of metabolization, benz[a]anthracene was transformed via a typical pathway of ligninolytic fungi to benz[a]anthracene-7,12-dione (BaAQ). The product was further transformed by at least two ways, whereas one is complied with the anthracene metabolic pathway of I. lacteus. Benz[a]anthracene-7,12-dione was degraded to 1,2-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid and phthalic acid that was followed with production of 2-hydroxymethyl benzoic acid or monomethyl and dimethylesters of phthalic acid. Another degradation product of BaAQ was identified as 1-tetralone. Its transformation via 1,4-naphthalenedione, 1,4-naphthalenediol and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-hydroxynaphthalene resulted again in phthalic acid. None of the intermediates were identified as dead-end metabolites. ...
PAH metabolism occurs in all tissues, usually by cytochrome P-450 and its associated enzymes. PAHs are metabolized into reactive intermediates, which include epoxide intermediates, dihydrodiols, phenols, quinones, and their various combinations. The phenols, quinones, and dihydrodiols can all be conjugated to glucuronides and sulfate esters; the quinones also form glutathione conjugates. (L10)
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Benz(a)anthracene (BA) is a solid. There is no commercial production of this compound. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are a group of chemicals that are formed during the incomplete burning of coal, oil, gas, wood, garbage, or other organic substances, such as tobacco and charbroiled meat. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: It is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen. Benz(a)anthracene induced arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase in two human hepatoma cell lines. The percent of lymphoblasts was higher in benz(a)anthracene-treated cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells than in control cultures. ANIMAL STUDIES: 2 mg BA induced 17 carcinomas and 1 papilloma in the bladders of 52 mice surviving 40 or more weeks. The incidence of tumors in the controls was 3.8%. Single administration of 0.5 mg BA by stomach tube produced no tumors among 13 mice observed for 16 months. Eight or 16 administrations at three- to seven-day intervals produced a papilloma of the forestomach in 2/27 mice, whereas no tumors appeared among 16 controls. Benz(a)anthracene was mutagenic in an in vitro L5178Y mouse lymphoma assay with metabolic activation. Benz(a)anthracene showed unequivocal mutagenic activity with metabolic activation in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 as determined by Ames assay. Postnatal exposure to BA altered ovarian ERbeta expression, disturbed morphological development of the ovaries and caused ovarian dysfunction in immature rats. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: BA induced alterations in metabolic enzyme activity in northern bobwhite quail. An increase in mixed-function oxygenase and cytochrome p450 was found in intestinal homogenates from Nereis virens fed food contaminated with benz(a)anthracene. The lowest tested and observed effect concentration (LOEC) for Japanese medaka early life stages was equivalent to 0.92 ug/g dryw of BA. weight
The ability of PAH's to bind to blood proteins such as albumin allows them to be transported throughout the body. Many PAH's induce the expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes, especially CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1, by binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor or glycine N-methyltransferase protein. These enzymes metabolize PAH's into their toxic intermediates. The reactive metabolites of PAHs (epoxide intermediates, dihydrodiols, phenols, quinones, and their various combinations) covalently bind to DNA and other cellular macromolecules, initiating mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. (L10, L23, A27, A32)
CLASSIFICATION: B2; probable human carcinogen. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Based on no human data and sufficient data from animal bioassays. Benz[a]anthracene produced tumors in mice exposed by gavage; intraperitoneal, subcutaneous or intramuscular injection; and topical application. Benz[a]anthracene produced mutations in bacteria and in mammalian cells and transformed mammalian cells in culture. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Sufficient.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
致癌性证据
整体评估：2B组：该剂对人类可能是致癌的。
OVERALL EVALUATION: Group 2B: The agent is possibly carcinogenic to humans.
Benzo(a)pyrene and benz(a)anthracene levels were 0.528 and 0.546 ug/L respectively in the urine in 451 and 437 samples collected in the northwest of the Ruhr area, whereas 35 and 34 urine samples collected in an uncontaminated area contained 0.395 and 0.416 ug/L of benzo(a)pyrene and benz(a)anthracene. Smoking did not affect the urinary ... levels.
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