1-O-Alpha-D-吡喃葡萄糖-D-甘露糖醇二水合物 | 20942-99-8

• 物质功能分类: 生物化工 - 糖类化合物 - 单糖
• 分子结构分类: 有机化合物 - 脂质和类脂质分子 - 脂肪酰基
• 中文名称: 1-O-Alpha-D-吡喃葡萄糖-D-甘露糖醇二水合物
• 中文别名: 1-O-Α-D-吡喃葡萄糖-D-甘露糖醇二水合物；1-O-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖-D-甘露糖醇二水合物
• 英文名称: isomalt
• 英文别名: 6-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-D-mannitol；1-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-D-mannitol；1-O-alpha-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-mannitol；(2R,3R,4R,5R)-6-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyhexane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol
• CAS: 20942-99-8
• 化学式: C₁₂H₂₄O₁₁
• 分子量: 344.316
• InChiKey: SERLAGPUMNYUCK-DCUALPFSSA-N

物化性质

• 熔点：
  162°C
• 比旋光度：
  [α]D20 +88～+94°(c=4,dil.NH4OH)
• 沸点：
  788.5±60.0 °C(Predicted)
• 密度：
  1.69±0.1 g/cm3(Predicted)
• 溶解度：
  DMSO（少许）、甲醇（少许）、水（少许）
• 物理描述：
  Odourless, white, slightly hygroscopic, crystalline mass.
• 味道：
  Pure sweet taste (sweetening power =0.45 relative to sucrose in about a 10% solution)
• 蒸汽压力：
  3.16X10-17 mm Hg at 25 °C (est)
• 稳定性/保质期：

  Isomalt has very good thermal and chemical stability. When it is melted, no changes in the molecular structure are observed.

• 旋光度：
  Specific rotation: +89.8 deg to +92.2 deg
• 分解：
  /Isomalt/ exhibits considerable resistance to acids and microbial influences. ... Isomalt does not undrego browning reactions; it has no reducing groups, and therefore it does not react with other ingredients in a formulation.
• 粘度：
  In the melt, has a lower viscosity, higher specific heat capacity, and higher boiling-point elevation than sucrose

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  -5.2
• 重原子数：
  23
• 可旋转键数：
  8
• 环数：
  1.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  1.0
• 拓扑面积：
  201
• 氢给体数：
  9
• 氢受体数：
  11

ADMET

代谢

大鼠肠道麦芽糖酶对异麦芽、α-O-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-1,6-D-山梨醇和α-O-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-1,6-D-甘露醇具有活性，但水解速率较慢。大鼠肠道α-葡萄糖苷酶对蔗糖、异麦芽糖和异麦芽的水解速率之比为100:30:12。同样，猪小肠的二糖酶对蔗糖的水解速度约比对α-O-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-1,6-D-山梨醇或α-O-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-1,6-D-甘露醇的水解速度快20倍，而人类肠道α-葡萄糖苷酶对麦芽糖、蔗糖、异麦芽糖和异麦芽的水解相对速率为100:25:11:2。

Rat intestinal maltase was shown to be active against isomalt, alpha-O-D-glucopyranosyl-1,6-D-sorbitol, and alpha-O-D-glucopyranosyl-1,6-D-mannitol, but the rates of hydrolysis were slow. The ratio of the rates of hydrolysis of sucrose, isomaltulose, and isomalt by rat intestinal alpha-glucosidases was 100:30:12. Similarly, sucrose was hydrolysed about 20 times faster than alpha-O-D-glucopyranosyl-1,6-D-sorbitol or alpha-O-D-glucopyranosyl-1,6-D-mannitol by disaccharidases from the small intestine of the pig, and the relative rates of hydrolysis of maltose, sucrose, isomaltulose and isomalt by human intestinal alpha-glucosidases were 100:25:11:2.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

代谢

这项研究调查了已经适应了异麦芽糖的雌性大鼠在胃肠道中的命运，通过在3-4周的时间内将饮食中的异麦芽糖浓度从10%增加到34.5%。在给大鼠喂食含有1.7克异麦芽糖的5克饲料后，研究人员在接下来的6小时内定期检查了胃、小肠、盲肠和大肠的内容物。根据在这些器官中发现的alpha-O-D-葡萄糖苷-1,6-D-山梨醇、alpha-O-D-葡萄糖苷-1,6-D-甘露醇、山梨醇、甘露醇和蔗糖的含量，作者得出结论，alpha-O-D-葡萄糖苷-1,6-D-山梨醇和alpha-O-D-葡萄糖苷-1,6-D-甘露醇只在小肠中被 carbohydrases 部分水解，而很大一部分这些化合物到达盲肠，在那里糖苷键进一步水解。释放出的己糖醇在盲肠中进行发酵，盲肠因此变大，只有少量的alpha-O-D-葡萄糖苷-1,6-D-山梨醇、alpha-O-D-葡萄糖苷-1,6-D-甘露醇和己糖醇到达大肠。

The fate of isomalt in the gastrointestinal tract of female rats that had been adapted to the compound was investigated by increasing its dietary concentration from 10% to 34.5% over a period of 3-4 weeks. After administration of 1.7 g isomalt in 5 g feed, the contents of the stomach, small intestine, cecum, and large intestine were examined at intervals up to 6 hr. From the content of alpha-O-D-glucopyranosyl-1,6-D-sorbitol, alpha-O-D-glucopyranosyl-1,6-D-mannitol, sorbitol, mannitol, and sucrose found in these organs, the authors concluded that alpha-O-D-glucopyranosyl-1,6-D-sorbitol and alpha-O-D-glucopyranosyl-1,6-D-mannitol were only partially hydrolyzed by the carbohydrases in the small intestine, while a substantial proportion of these compounds reached the cecum where further hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds occurred. Fermentation of the liberated hexitols occurred in the cecum, which was enlarged, and only small amounts of alpha-O-D-glucopyranosyl-1,6-D-sorbitol, alpha-O-D-glucopyranosyl-1,6-D-mannitol, and hexitols reached the large intestine.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 相互作用

龋齿和牙周病是普遍存在的口腔疾病，其病因与碳水化合物甜味剂的摄入密切相关。人类的临床试验和几项动物实验表明，用某些糖醇（多元醇）替代蔗糖可以获得有希望的临床效果。在糖醇中，迄今为止效果最好的是木糖醇，它是一种含有五个碳原子的戊糖醇。含有木糖醇的口香糖已被证明是针对龋病活跃年龄组和高风险人群的强大工具。需要更多的研究来评估木糖醇与山梨糖醇、异麦芽酮糖、麦芽糖醇、其他糖醇和强力甜味剂混合物预防口腔菌斑疾病的能力。尽管尚未对碳水化合物甜味剂与牙周病之间的关系进行彻底的临床试验，但现有数据表明，饮食中的多元醇可能对牙周和牙龈炎症有一定的抑制效果。

Dental caries and periodontal disease are wide-spread oral illnesses whose etiology is intimately associated with the consumption of carbohydrate sweeteners....Human clinical trials and several animal experiments have shown promising clinical results obtained by replacing sucrose with certain sugar alcohols (polyols). Among the sugar alcohols, the best results so far have been obtained with xylitol, which is chemically a pentitol containing five carbon atoms. Chewing gums containing xylitol have been shown to be strong instruments against caries in caries-active age-groups and in high-risk subjects. More research is needed to assess the ability of mixtures of xylitol with sorbitol, palatinit, maltitol, other sugar alcohols, and intense sweeteners to prevent oral plaque diseases. Although thorough clinical trials on the relationship between carbohydrate sweeteners and periodontal diseases have not been performed, the available data indicate that dietary polyols may have a restricted dampening effect on periodontal and gingival inflammations.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 解毒与急救

/SRP:/ 紧急急救：确保已经进行了充分的中和。如果患者停止呼吸，请开始人工呼吸，最好使用需求阀复苏器、袋阀面罩装置或口袋面罩，按训练操作。如有必要，执行心肺复苏。立即用缓慢流动的水冲洗受污染的眼睛。不要催吐。如果发生呕吐，让患者前倾或置于左侧（如果可能的话，头部向下）以保持呼吸道畅通，防止吸入。保持患者安静，维持正常体温。寻求医疗帮助。 /高醇（大于3个碳）及相关化合物/

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Higher alcohols (>3 carbons) and related compounds/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 解毒与急救

/SRP:/ 基本治疗：建立专利气道（如有需要，使用口咽或鼻咽气道）。如有必要，进行吸痰。密切观察呼吸不足的迹象，如有必要，进行辅助通气。通过非循环呼吸面罩以10至15升/分钟的速度给予氧气。监测休克并视必要进行治疗……监测肺水肿并视必要进行治疗……预期可能出现癫痫并视必要进行治疗……对于眼睛污染，立即用水冲洗眼睛。在转运过程中，用0.9%的生理盐水（NS）连续冲洗每只眼睛……不要使用催吐剂。对于摄入，如果患者能够吞咽、有强烈的呕吐反射并不流口水，则用水冲洗口腔，并给予5毫升/千克，最多200毫升的水进行稀释。给予活性炭……/高醇（>3个碳）及相关化合物/

/SRP:/ Basic Treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Higher alcohols (>3 carbons) and related compounds/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 解毒与急救

/SRP:/ 高级治疗：对于无意识、严重肺水肿或严重呼吸困难的病人，考虑进行口咽或鼻咽气管插管以控制气道。正压通气技术，使用气囊面罩装置，可能有益。考虑使用药物治疗肺水肿……。监测心率和必要时治疗心律失常……。开始静脉输注D5W /SRP: "保持开放"，最低流量/。如果出现低血容量的迹象，使用0.9%生理盐水（NS）或乳酸钠林格氏液（LR）。对于伴有低血容量迹象的低血压，谨慎给予液体。如果病人在正常血容量时出现低血压，考虑使用血管加压药。注意液体过载的迹象……。监测低血糖的迹象（意识水平下降、心动过速、苍白、瞳孔扩大、出汗和/或葡萄糖试纸或血糖仪读数低于50毫克）并在必要时给予50%葡萄糖……。用地西泮或劳拉西泮治疗癫痫……。使用丙美卡因氢氯化物协助眼部冲洗……。/高醇（>3个碳）及相关化合物/

/SRP:/ Advanced Treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques, with a bag-valve-mask device, may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Monitor for signs of hypoglycemia (decreased LOC, tachycardia, pallor, dilated pupils, diaphoresis, and/or dextrose strip or glucometer readings below 50 mg) and administer 50% dextrose if necessary ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Higher alcohols (>3 carbons) and related compounds/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 人类毒性摘录

人类暴露研究/多元醇异麦芽糖（Palatinit）是一种已确立的糖替代品。在十九名健康志愿者中进行了一项随机、双盲、交叉试验，研究了定期摄入异麦芽糖对代谢和肠道功能参数的影响，试验包括两个为期4周的测试期。志愿者作为控制饮食的一部分，每天摄入30克异麦芽糖或30克蔗糖。除了临床标准诊断外，还分析了当前被认为是冠心病、糖尿病或肥胖风险因素的生物标志物和参数。测量了尿液和粪便中的钙和磷酸盐排泄量。此外，还确定了平均转运时间、排便频率、粪便一致性和重量。通过尿液中甘露醇的排泄确认了测试产品的摄入。两个阶段中血液脂质相似，特别是在高脂血症的志愿者中，除了所有受试者的apo A-1较低（P=0.03）。残余样颗粒、氧化LDL、NEFA、果糖胺和瘦素相似且不受异麦芽糖影响。钙和磷酸盐的稳态未受影响。在异麦芽糖阶段，排便频率适度增加（P=0.006），而粪便一致性和粪便水未发生变化。这表明异麦芽糖耐受性良好，摄入异麦芽糖不会损害代谢功能或引起高钙尿症。...

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ The polyol isomalt (Palatinit) is a well established sugar replacer. The impact of regular isomalt consumption on metabolism and parameters of gut function in nineteen healthy volunteers was examined in a randomised, double-blind, cross-over trial with two 4-week test periods. Volunteers received 30 g isomalt or 30 g sucrose daily as part of a controlled diet. In addition to clinical standard diagnostics, biomarkers and parameters currently discussed as risk factors for CHD, diabetes or obesity were analysed. Urine and stool Ca and phosphate excretions were measured. In addition, mean transit time, defecation frequency, stool consistency and weight were determined. Consumption of test products was affirmed by the urinary excretion of mannitol. Blood lipids were comparable in both phases, especially in volunteers with hyperlipidaemia, apart from lower apo A-1 (P=0.03) for all subjects. Remnant-like particles, oxidised LDL, NEFA, fructosamine and leptin were comparable and not influenced by isomalt. Ca and phosphate homeostasis was not affected. Stool frequency was moderately increased in the isomalt phase (P=0.006) without changes in stool consistency and stool water. This suggests that isomalt is well tolerated and that consumption of isomalt does not impair metabolic function or induce hypercalciuria. ...

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

在大肠内，异麦芽糖的体内代谢通过一个体外发酵研究来模拟，以探究其利用猪食糜作为基本底物并额外接种粪便的降解情况。在第一周，研究了未适应微生物群对异麦芽糖（3.65%）的发酵。在第二周，研究了从喂食基础饮食并补充异麦芽糖的猪身上采集的适应微生物群对异麦芽糖的发酵。在第三周，对高浓度异麦芽糖（7.30%）的发酵实验中，研究了未适应和适应的微生物群。异麦芽糖被降解为乳酸、挥发性脂肪酸和气体（CO2、CH4和氢气）。...

The in vivo metabolism of isomalt in the large intestine was simulated in an in vitro fermentation study to investigate its degradation using chyme from pigs as a basic substrate additionally inoculated with feces. In the first week, the fermentation of isomalt (3.65%) by non-adapted microflora was investigated. In the second week, isomalt fermentation by adapted microflora taken from pigs fed a basic diet supplemented with isomalt was studied. In the third week, both /non-adapted and adapted/ flora were studied in fermentation experiments with a high concentration of isomalt (7.30%). Isomalt was degraded to lactic acid, volatile fatty acids, and gases (CO2, CH4, and hydrogen). ...

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

瘘管猪和正常猪在餐间喂食了10%的蔗糖，5%或10%的异麦芽糖，或者与餐食一起喂食10%的异麦芽糖。这些物质的通过和吸收率在回肠末端（每种处理10头猪）或整个消化道的距离上（每种处理4头猪）被确定。10%的蔗糖在小肠中被完全消化和吸收。在3种异麦芽糖处理中，61-64%的摄入化合物以完整的异麦芽糖加上自由的山梨糖、自由的甘露醇和自由葡萄糖的形式通过了回肠末端。这些糖没有在粪便中排出，表明通过回肠末端的异麦芽糖及其成分在大肠中被完全分解。

Fistulated and normal pigs were fed 10% sucrose between meals, 5 or 10% isomalt between meals, or 10% isomalt with meals. The passage and absorption rate of these substances were determined at the terminal ileum (10 pigs per treatment) or over the whole distance of the digestive tract (4 pigs per treatment). Ten percent sucrose was completely digested and absorbed in the small intestine. In the 3 isomalt treatments, 61-64% of the ingested compound passed the terminal ileum in the form of intact isomalt plus free sorbitol, free mannitol, and free glucose. None of these sugars were excreted in the feces, indicating that isomalt and its constituents passing the terminal ileum are completely broken down in the large intestine.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

肾脏清除研究在成年雌性大鼠（体重250克）中进行，这些大鼠在3小时内输注了1.8克异麦芽糖、α-O-D-葡萄糖苷-1,6-D-山梨醇或α-O-D-葡萄糖苷-1,6-D-甘露醇。血浆中达到了最大浓度25 mM。这些化合物被迅速清除，尿液中记录到的浓度高达100 mg/mL，这与人鼠每天口服5克异麦芽糖时尿液中最大浓度0.6 mg/mL相比。在输注异麦芽糖或α-O-D-葡萄糖苷-1,6-D-山梨醇后，血液或尿液中未检测到自由山梨醇，血糖浓度未发生变化，这表明这些双糖醇在代谢上是惰性的。从输注和排泄速率以及观察到的血浆浓度来看，作者得出结论，α-O-D-葡萄糖苷-1,6-D-山梨醇分布在细胞外水中，但不会到达细胞内隔室。

Renal clearance studies were conducted in adult female rats (250 g b.w.) infused with 1.8 g isomalt, alpha-O-D-glucopyranosyl-1,6-D-sorbitol, or alpha-O-D-glucopyranosyl-1,6-D-mannitol over a period of 3 hours. Maximum plasma concentrations of 25 mM were obtained. These compounds were readily cleared and urinary concentrations of up to 100 mg/mL were recorded, which compares with a maximum urinary concentration of 0.6 mg/mL in rats receiving 5 g isomalt per day orally. After the infusion of either isomalt or alpha-O-D-glucopyranosyl-1,6-D-sorbitol, free sorbitol was not detected in blood or urine, and blood glucose concentrations were unchanged, demonstrating the metabolic inertness of these disaccharide alcohols. From the infusion and excretion rates and the plasma concentrations that were observed, the authors concluded that alpha-O-D-glucopyranosyl-1,6-D-sorbitol is distributed in extracellular water, but does not reach the intracellular compartments.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

当连续几周给大鼠喂食异麦芽糖时，观察到粪便排泄量稳步下降，而盲肠则膨胀。作者们得出结论，这是由于肠道微生物群的适应和代谢所致。同样，在为期17天的饲养期间，6只雌性大鼠每天摄入3.5克异麦芽糖，粪便中的含量从开始时的剂量的25%降至结束时的1%。

When isomalt was fed to rats for several weeks it was observed that fecal excretion declined steadily, while the cecum enlarged. The authors concluded that this resulted from adaptation and metabolism by the gut microflora. Similarly, during a 17-day feeding period in which 6 female rats received 3.5 g isomalt daily, the fecal content fell from 25% of the dose at the beginning to 1% at the end.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

制备方法与用途

合成方法

1-O-Α-D-吡喃葡萄糖-D-甘露糖醇二水合物（以下简称为1,1-GPM）的合成通常分为两步：首先，通过蔗糖酶作用将蔗糖转化为异麦芽酮糖；其次，在雷尼镍催化剂上对分离出的异麦芽酮糖进行氢化。其中，利用微生物红色原杆菌可以实现蔗糖向异麦芽酮糖的转化。此过程产生的异麦芽酮糖在雷尼镍催化剂的存在下通过氢化反应转化为1,1-GPM和6-O-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-D-山梨糖醇（简称1,6-GPS）的混合物，随后通过蒸发与冷却结晶进行浓缩。

应用举例

1. 将1-O-Α-D-吡喃葡萄糖-D-甘露糖醇二水合物（即1,1-GPM）和6-O-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-D-山梨糖醇（简称1,6-GPS）的混合物用作益生元和/或丁酸根供体，尤其适用于在人的食物和其他消费品、动物饲料产品以及药物中作为可消化并有益于肠道健康的碳水化合物。
2. 异麦芽酮糖醇（氢化异麦芽酮糖），由于其非致龋性、低热量及对糖尿病患者适宜的特点，作为一种糖替代品具有明显优势。

反应信息

• 作为反应物：
  描述：

  1-O-Alpha-D-吡喃葡萄糖-D-甘露糖醇二水合物 在 lead(IV) acetate 、 溶剂黄146 作用下， 生成 (R)-2-Hydroxy-3-((2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydro-pyran-2-yloxy)-propionaldehyde
  参考文献：
  名称：

  Identification of α-D-Glucosylglycerol in Sake

  摘要：

  在日本米酒（清酒）中首次发现了约0.5%的α-D-葡萄糖基甘油（GG）。GG还在使用曲霉发酵的味噌和米酒中被发现。GG在与麦芽酶（EC 3.2.1.20，来自酵母的α-葡萄糖苷酶）反应时被水解为等摩尔比的葡萄糖和甘油，但与乳糖酶（EC 3.2.1.21，来自杏仁的β-葡萄糖苷酶）没有反应。通过气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）分析清酒中GG的三甲基氟基衍生物的保留时间和质谱与通过糖解合成的各种GG样品相当。研究证明清酒中的GG由三个成分组成，即2-O-α-D-葡萄糖基甘油（GG-II）、(2R)-1-O-α-D-葡萄糖基甘油（R-GG-I）和(2S)-1-O-α-D-葡萄糖基甘油（S-GG-I）。在清酒中这三个成分的比例为6:66:28。据信，GG是通过来自曲霉的α-葡萄糖苷酶将葡萄糖基转移到甘油上形成的，发生在清酒发酵浆中。

  DOI：

  10.1271/bbb.64.378
• 作为产物：
  描述：

  蔗糖 在 镍 氢气 作用下， 以 水 为溶剂， 30.0~120.0 ℃ 、12.0 MPa 条件下， 反应 28.0h， 生成 1-O-Alpha-D-吡喃葡萄糖-D-甘露糖醇二水合物
  参考文献：
  名称：

  1-O-α-d-glucopyranosyl-d-fructose: Darstellung aus Saccharose und ihre reduktion zu 1-O-α-d-Glucopyranosyl-d-glucitol

  摘要：

  DOI：

  10.1016/0008-6215(87)80152-0

文献信息

• Selective and Scalable Synthesis of Sugar Alcohols by Homogeneous Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Unprotected Ketoses
  作者：Daniel J. Tindall、Steffen Mader、Alois Kindler、Frank Rominger、A. Stephen K. Hashmi、Thomas Schaub

  DOI：10.1002/anie.202009790

  日期：2021.1.11

  with none to low stereoselectivities. Now, we present a homogeneous system based on commercially available components, which not only increases the overall yield, but also allows a wide range of unprotected ketoses to be diastereoselectively hydrogenated. Furthermore, the system is reliable on a multi‐gram scale allowing sugar alcohols to be isolated in large quantities at high atom economy.

  糖醇在食品工业中非常重要，并且有望成为生物基聚合物的基础。在工业上，它们是通过糖与H 2的异质氢化而生产的，通常不具有低立体选择性。现在，我们提出了一种基于市售组分的均相系统，该系统不仅可以提高总收率，而且还可以对非保护性酮糖进行非对映选择性氢化。此外，该系统具有数克级的可靠性，可以高原子经济性大量分离糖醇。
• [EN] FLAME RETARDANTS, PREPARATION METHODS, AND THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITIONS THEREOF<br/>[FR] AGENTS IGNIFUGEANTS, LEURS PROCÉDÉS DE PRÉPARATION ET COMPOSITIONS THERMOPLASTIQUES ASSOCIÉES
  申请人：DUPONT CHINA RES & DEV AND MAN CO LTD

  公开号：WO2015180165A1

  公开（公告）日：2015-12-03

  Disclosed are flame retardants comprising compounds of Formula (1), wherein the polyol is a disaccharide or a C12 sugar alcohol, which has at least one glucose or one fructose unit per molecule, R1is H or CH3;R2is H or CH3;mis an integer ranging from 6 to 9; and n is an integer ranging from 2 to 9. Also disclosed are methods for producing the inventive flame retardants, thermoplastic compositions and articles comprising the same, and methods for improving flame retardancy of thermoplastic polymers using the same.

  揭示了包括式（1）化合物的阻燃剂，其中多元醇是二糖或C12糖醇，每个分子至少含有一个葡萄糖或一个果糖单位，R1为H或CH3；R2为H或 ；m为6至9的整数；n为2至9的整数。还公开了制备新型阻燃剂的方法，含有该阻燃剂的热塑性组合物和制品，以及利用该阻燃剂改善热塑性聚合物的阻燃性的方法。
• Hydrogenation of d-fructose and d-fructose/d-glucose mixtures
  作者：Michiel Makkee、Antonius P.G. Kieboom、Herman van Bekkum

  DOI：10.1016/0008-6215(85)85106-5

  日期：1985.5

  Abstract d -Fructose and d -fructose/ d -glucose mixtures have been hydrogenated in water at 60–80° and 20–75 atm. of hydrogen with Ni, Cu, Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, and Pt severally as catalysts. The selectivity for the formation of d -mannitol from d -fructose as well as the selectivity for the hydrogenation of d -fructose in the presence of d -glucose with Cu/silica as the catalyst are substantially higher

  摘要d-果糖和d-果糖/ d-葡萄糖混合物已在60–80°和20–75 atm的水中氢化。氢，分别以Ni，Cu，Ru，Rh，Pd，Os，Ir和Pt作为催化剂。由d-果糖形成d-甘露糖醇的选择性以及在d-葡萄糖存在下以Cu /二氧化硅作为催化剂在d-果糖加氢的选择性显着高于其他催化剂。以铜/二氧化硅为催化剂，相对于催化剂量和氢气压力，d-果糖的氢化是一阶的，而从低（m）到高则发生从一阶动力学到零阶动力学的转变。 （0.8 m）浓度的果糖。d-果糖优先通过呋喃糖形式进行氢化，大概是由于类似氢化铜的物质在异头碳原子上发生构型反转。相对于呋喃糖形式，发生了吡喃糖的优选吸附，而呋喃糖形式显示出高得多的反应性。提出的用于铜催化的氢化反应的机理解释了从d-果糖的硼酸酯提高d-甘露糖醇的产率以及其他七个酮糖的氢化的非对映选择性。
• PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING TASOCITINIB
  申请人：Stefan Ralph

  公开号：US20120195933A1

  公开（公告）日：2012-08-02

  The invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions, preferably tablets, comprising tasocitinib, suitable for immediate release, and processes of preparing such compositions.

  本发明涉及含有塔索西替尼的制药组合物，优选为片剂，适用于即时释放，并涉及制备此类组合物的方法。
• Detergent or cleaning agent
  申请人：Jekel Maren

  公开号：US20060094634A1

  公开（公告）日：2006-05-04

  A detergent or cleaning agent comprising a dispersion of solid particles in a dispersion agent wherein the dispersion is comprised of, based on the total weight of the dispersion (a) from 10 to 65 wt % dispersing agent and (b) from 30 to 90 wt % of dispersed materials, wherein the dispersed materials are comprised of from 0.1 to 50 wt % of an anionic and/or cationic and/or amphoteric polymer based on the total weight of the dispersed materials. This composition can be easily formed into tablets.

  一种洗涤剂或清洁剂，包括固体颗粒分散在分散剂中的分散体，其中分散体包括基于分散体的总重量（a）10至65重量％的分散剂和（b）30至90重量％的分散材料，其中分散材料包括基于分散材料的总重量0.1至50重量％的阴离子和/或阳离子和/或两性聚合物。该组成物可以轻松制成片剂。