牡荆素(vitexin),又称牡荆苷,是从马鞭草科植物牡荆的叶子中提取的一种天然植物黄酮苷类化合物。它广泛分布于自然界几十种植物的叶茎中,例如牡荆、蔓荆子、算盘子、山楂、小叶榕、桫椤叶、海金沙、乌蕨、构树叶、山里红、大青叶等。其中最主要来源是马鞭草科牡荆素植物的叶、茎和山楂。牡荆素具有多种生理活性,包括防癌抗肿瘤、活血化瘀、理气通脉、抗炎、解痉、降压等作用。临床主要用于治疗心血管疾病,如用于治疗瘀血阻脉所致的胸痹,症见胸闷憋气、心前区刺痛、心悸健忘、眩晕耳鸣、冠心病心绞痛、高脂血症、心动脉供血不足等症候者。此外,本品还可增强肾上腺皮质功能和单核-巨噬细胞系统的吞噬能力。
理化性质牡荆素为黄色粉末状物质,熔点258~259℃(265℃),旋光度[α]D=18°(c=2,吡啶)。
化学成分牡荆叶含挥发油,主要成分为β-丁香烯,其次为香桧烯、α-侧柏烯、α-及β-蒎烯、樟烯、α-水芹烯、对聚伞花素、柠檬烯、1,8-桉叶素等。此外还含有牡荆内酯、穗花牡荆苷、艾黄素和对羟基苯甲酸等健胃苦味的有效成分。
含量测定采用薄层色谱法(TLCS)进行含量测定:
牡荆素来源于蔷薇科植物山楂(Crateagus pinnatifida)的干燥成熟果实。
用途用于含量测定、鉴定及药理实验。牡荆素具有抗癌作用、降压、抗炎和解痉等药理活性。
中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 | 分子量 |
---|---|---|---|---|
—— | 2''-O-acetylvitexin | —— | C23H22O11 | 474.421 |
—— | vitexin 2"-O-sulfate | 1173925-24-0 | C21H20O13S | 512.448 |
—— | 6"'-(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaroyl)-2"-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl vitexin | —— | C33H38O19 | 738.653 |
—— | 5,7-bis(benzyloxy)-2-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-8-((2S,3S,4R,5R,6R)-3,4,5-tris(benzyloxy)-6-(benzyloxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-4H-chromen-4-one | 1154756-98-5 | C70H62O10 | 1063.26 |
异牡荆黄素 | isovitexin | 38953-85-4 | C21H20O10 | 432.384 |
中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 | 分子量 |
---|---|---|---|---|
—— | 8-[(4aR,6S,7R,8R,8aS)-7,8-dihydroxy-2-phenyl-4,4a,6,7,8,8a-hexahydropyrano[3,2-d][1,3]dioxin-6-yl]-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one | 1233717-61-7 | C28H24O10 | 520.493 |
—— | 8-C-β-D-glucosyl-5,7,4'-O-trimethyl flavone | 18469-71-1 | C24H26O10 | 474.464 |
牡荆素2“-葡萄糖苷 | apigenin-8-C-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside | 61360-94-9 | C27H30O15 | 594.526 |
—— | 2''-O-β-D-galactosylvitexin | —— | C27H30O15 | 594.526 |
—— | 6-C-β-D-galactopyranosyl-8-C-β-D-glucopyranosylapigenin | —— | C27H30O15 | 594.526 |
维采宁-2 | vicenin-2 | 23666-13-9 | C27H30O15 | 594.526 |
—— | vitexin 2"-O-sulfate | 1173925-24-0 | C21H20O13S | 512.448 |
—— | chafuroside B | 866737-00-0 | C21H18O9 | 414.369 |
—— | [(4aR,6S,7R,8S,8aS)-6-[5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-8-yl]-8-hydroxy-2-phenyl-4,4a,6,7,8,8a-hexahydropyrano[3,2-d][1,3]dioxin-7-yl] hydrogen sulfate | 1233717-62-8 | C28H24O13S | 600.557 |
异牡荆黄素 | isovitexin | 38953-85-4 | C21H20O10 | 432.384 |
—— | chafuroside A | —— | C21H18O9 | 414.369 |
—— | 5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-4-oxo-4H-chromene-8-carbaldehyde | —— | C16H10O6 | 298.252 |
With the lack of available drugs able to prevent the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the discovery of new neuroprotective treatments able to rescue neurons from cell injury is presently a matter of extreme importance and urgency. Here, we were inspired by the widely reported potential of natural flavonoids to build a library of novel flavones, chromen-4-ones and their C-glucosyl derivatives, and to explore their ability as neuroprotective agents with suitable pharmacokinetic profiles. All compounds were firstly evaluated in a parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA) to assess their effective permeability across biological membranes, namely the blood-brain barrier (BBB). With this test, we aimed not only at assessing if our candidates would be well-distributed, but also at rationalizing the influence of the sugar moiety on the physicochemical properties. To complement our analysis, logD7.4 was determined. From all screened compounds, the p-morpholinyl flavones stood out for their ability to fully rescue SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells against both H2O2- and Aβ1-42-induced cell death. Cholinesterase inhibition was also evaluated, and modest inhibitory activities were found. This work highlights the potential of C-glucosylflavones as neuroprotective agents, and presents the p-morpholinyl C-glucosylflavone 37, which did not show any cytotoxicity towards HepG2 and Caco-2 cells at 100 μM, as a new lead structure for further development against AD.