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奈替米星 | 56391-56-1

中文名称
奈替米星
中文别名
乙基紫苏霉素
英文名称
netilmicin
英文别名
1-N-ethylsisomicin;netilmicine;netilmisin;netilmycin;netillin;(2R,3R,4R,5R)-2-[(1S,2S,3R,4S,6R)-4-amino-3-[[(2S,3R)-3-amino-6-(aminomethyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]oxy]-6-(ethylamino)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl]oxy-5-methyl-4-(methylamino)oxane-3,5-diol
奈替米星化学式
CAS
56391-56-1
化学式
C21H41N5O7
mdl
——
分子量
475.586
InChiKey
CIDUJQMULVCIBT-MQDUPKMGSA-N
BEILSTEIN
——
EINECS
——
  • 物化性质
  • 计算性质
  • ADMET
  • 安全信息
  • SDS
  • 制备方法与用途
  • 上下游信息
  • 反应信息
  • 文献信息
  • 表征谱图
  • 同类化合物
  • 相关功能分类
  • 相关结构分类

物化性质

  • 比旋光度:
    D26 +164° (c = 3 in water)
  • 沸点:
    575.33°C (rough estimate)
  • 密度:
    1.2404 (rough estimate)
  • 溶解度:
    100 mg/mL
  • 旋光度:
    Specific optical rotation: +164 deg at 26 °C/D (3 in water)
  • 分解:
    When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.

计算性质

  • 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP):
    -4.2
  • 重原子数:
    33
  • 可旋转键数:
    8
  • 环数:
    3.0
  • sp3杂化的碳原子比例:
    0.9
  • 拓扑面积:
    200
  • 氢给体数:
    8
  • 氢受体数:
    12

ADMET

代谢
没有代谢转化的证据,通常在24小时内大约80%可以在尿液中回收。
No evidence of metabolic transformation, typically 80% is recoverable in the urine within 24 hours
来源:DrugBank
毒理性
  • 相互作用
通过任何途径同时和/或连续使用2种或更多氨基糖苷类药物,或同时使用卷曲霉素和氨基糖苷类药物应予以避免,因为可能会导致耳毒性、肾毒性和神经肌肉阻滞作用增加;听力损失可能会发生,并可能在停药后继续进展至耳聋;听力损失可能是可逆的,但通常是永久性的;神经肌肉阻滞可能导致骨骼肌无力、呼吸抑制或麻痹(呼吸暂停)。此外,同时使用2种或更多氨基糖苷类药物可能会导致每种药物的细菌摄取减少,因为药物竞争同一摄取机制。/氨基糖苷类药物/
Concurrent and/or sequential use of 2 or more aminoglycosides by any route or concurrent use of capreomycin with aminoglycosides should be avoided since the potential for ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and neuromuscular blockade may be increased; hearing loss may occur and may progress to deafness even after discontinuation of the drug; loss of hearing may be reversible, but usually is permanent; neuromuscular blockade may result in skeletal muscle weakness and respiratory depression or paralysis (apnea). Also, concurrent use of 2 or more aminoglycosides may result in reduced bacterial uptake of each one since the medications compete for the same uptake mechanism. /Aminoglycosides/
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
  • 相互作用
与具有神经肌肉阻滞活性的药物同时使用,包括卤代烃吸入性麻醉剂、阿片类止痛药和大量输注柠檬酸盐抗凝血液,与氨基糖苷类药物同时使用时应仔细监测,因为神经肌肉阻滞可能会增强,导致骨骼肌无力、呼吸抑制或麻痹(呼吸暂停);在手术期间或术后期间同时使用这些药物和氨基糖苷类药物时应谨慎,特别是在术后神经肌肉阻滞可能不完全逆转的情况下;使用抗胆碱酯酶药物或钙盐可能有助于逆转阻滞。/氨基糖苷类药物/
Concurrent use of medications with neuromuscular blocking activity, including halogenated hydrocarbon inhalation anesthetics, opioid analgesics, and massive transfusions with citrate anticoagulated blood, with aminoglycosides should be carefully monitored since neuromuscular blockade may be enhanced, resulting in skeletal muscle weakness and respiratory depression or paralysis (apnea); caution is recommended when these medications and aminoglycosides are used concurrently during surgery or in the postoperative period, especially if there is a possibility of incomplete reversal of neuromuscular blockade postoperatively; treatment with anticholinesterase agents or calcium salts may help reverse the blockade. /Aminoglycosides/
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
  • 相互作用
万古霉素和氨基糖苷类抗生素通常需要同时使用,以预防细菌性心内膜炎,治疗由链球菌和棒状杆菌引起的心内膜炎,治疗耐药性葡萄球菌感染,或者在青霉素过敏的患者中;适当的监测将有助于减少肾毒性或耳毒性的风险;可能需要测定肾功能、血清氨基糖苷类和万古霉素浓度、减少剂量和/或调整剂量间隔,或者更换其他抗生素。/氨基糖苷类/
Vancomycin and aminoglycosides must often be administered concurrently in the prophylaxis of bacterial endocarditis, in the treatment of endocarditis caused by streptococci and Corynebacteria species, in the treatment of resistant staphylococcal infections, or in penicillin-allergic patients; appropriate monitoring will help to reduce the risk of nephrotoxicity or ototoxicity; renal function determinations, serum aminoglycoside and vancomycin concentrations, dosage reductions, and/or dosage interval adjustments, or alternate antibacterials, may be required. /Aminoglycosides/
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
  • 相互作用
这些药物与氨基糖苷类药物同时或连续使用可能会增加耳毒性和肾毒性的风险;可能会发生听力损失,即使在停药后也可能发展为耳聋,听力损失可能是可逆的,但通常是永久性的;在与其他耳毒性抗生素同时或连续使用时,可能需要进行系列的听力功能测定;可能需要进行肾功能测定。/氨基糖苷类药物/
Concurrent or sequential use of these medications /nephrotoxic or ototoxic medications/ with aminoglycosides may increase the potential for ototoxicity or nephrotoxicity; hearing loss may occur and may progress to deafness even after discontinuation of the drug and may be reversible, but usually is permanent; serial audiometric function determinations may be required with concurrent or sequential use of other ototoxic antibacterials; renal function determinations may be required. /Aminoglycosides/
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
  • 人类毒性摘录
通过静脉、肌肉和皮下途径中毒。通过静脉途径的人体系统性影响:肾、输尿管和膀胱发生变化。
Poison by intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous routes. Human systemic effects by intravenous route: changes to kidney, ureter, and bladder.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
  • 吸收
经肌内注射后迅速且完全吸收,血清峰浓度在30-60分钟内达到。氨基糖苷类药物口服吸收差。除非存在严重皮肤损伤,否则局部吸收也差。
Rapidly and completely absorbed after IM administration, peak serum levels were achieved within 30-60 minutes. Aminoglycosides are poorly absorbed orally. Topical absorption is also poor unless severe skin damage is present.
来源:DrugBank
吸收、分配和排泄
奈替米星口服给药时从完整的胃肠道吸收不良。该药物经肌内注射给药后,可以迅速且完全吸收。
Netilmicin is poorly absorbed from the intact GI tract following oral administration. The drug is rapidly and completely absorbed following IM administration.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
奈替米星在吸收后迅速分布到组织、痰液以及心包液、滑液和腹膜液中...主要分布在细胞外液体积中...分布容积大约是体重的20%。据报道,药物的蛋白结合率为0-30%。
Following absorption, netilmicin rapidly distributes into tissues, sputum, and pericardial, synovial, and peritoneal fluids. ...distributed principally in the extracellular fluid volume... The volume of distribution ...is approximately 20% of body weight. The drug is reportedly 0-30% protein bound.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
庆大霉素可穿过胎盘,已在脐带血中检测到。少量药物会分布到乳汁中。
Netilmicin crosses the placenta and has been detected in cord blood. Small amounts of the drug are distributed into milk.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
...不经过代谢并以原型通过肾小球滤过主要在尿液中排泄。在肾功能正常的成人中,2毫克/公斤剂量的奈替米星有74%在24小时内以原型排泄:在肌酐清除率为30-80或10-30毫升/分钟或无肾功能的成人中,24小时内分别有55%、25%或15%的剂量通过尿液排泄。
...is not metabolized and is excreted unchanged in urine mainly by glomerular filtration. In adults with normal renal function, 74% of a 2 mg/kg dose of netilmicin is excreted unchanged within 24 horus: in adults with creatinine clearances of 30-80 or 10-30 mL/min or in anephric adults, 55, 25, or 15% of the dose is excreted in urine within 24 hours, respectively.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

SDS

SDS:1cb0b2905cf6e58e1a9a66291e810167
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制备方法与用途

奈替米星

氨基糖苷类抗生素

奈替米星是一种半合成的氨基糖苷类抗生素,具有广谱和耐酶特性。它通过抑制敏感细菌的正常蛋白合成来发挥抗菌作用,其抗菌效果与庆大霉素基本相似,并能在对卡那霉素、西索米星等药物产生耐药性的患者中使用。

奈替米星的主要抗菌特点如下:

  • 对氨基糖苷乙酰转移酶AAC (3)稳定。
  • 在临床应用过程中,由于该类酶的产生使细菌对卡那霉素、庆大霉素、妥布霉素和西索米星产生耐药性,但对奈替米星仍保持敏感。
  • 对铜绿假单胞菌的作用较弱,但对大肠埃希菌、肠杆菌属、变形杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、枸橼酸杆菌、志贺菌属、沙门菌属、荚膜杆菌属、克雷伯菌属、沙雷菌属等有良好的抗菌作用。
  • 对大多数脑膜炎球菌及流感嗜血杆菌也有一定效果,对革兰阳性菌如金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌有一定的抗菌活性,但对链球菌和肺炎球菌的抗菌作用较弱。奈替米星对肠球菌和厌氧菌没有抗性。

药代动力学

奈替米星口服不被吸收,肌注后迅速被吸收到血液中:

  • 一次肌内注射2mg/kg剂量在30~60分钟达到血药浓度峰值7mg/L,并在8小时降至3mg/L以下。
  • 静脉滴注2mg/kg(30分钟滴完)后的血药峰浓度可达16.5mg/L。

药物广泛分布于各个主要器官和体液中,但在脑脊液和胆汁中的浓度较低。在化脓性支气管炎患者的支气管分泌物中药物浓度可达到血药浓度的19%。奈替米星几乎不与蛋白结合,在体内不经代谢,80%药物以原形通过尿液排出,尿中药物浓度可达100mg/L以上。

半衰期为2~2.5小时,这一时间不会因用药途径变化而改变,但随着剂量增加,半衰期会延长。

不良反应

奈替米星的耳毒性较轻,其他副作用包括前庭功能障碍、听力下降和肾功能损伤。长期使用需定期检查肝肾功能及血尿常规。

注意事项

  • 用药期间应严密监测前庭功能和听力变化。
  • 长期用药者应定期检查肝肾功能,并检测血药浓度。
  • 对肾功能不全患者或需要长期给药的患者,建议监测血药浓度。
  • 孕妇、哺乳妇女及儿童禁用。

化学性质 奈替米星(Netilmicin Sulfate)是一种白色结晶性粉末,易溶于水。其旋光度为[α]26D +164°(C=3,水)。急性毒性研究表明小鼠静脉注射、腹腔注射和皮下注射的LD50分别为40mg/kg、125mg/kg和175mg/kg。

用途 奈替米星主要用于治疗呼吸系统感染、皮肤软组织感染、泌尿系统感染、创面感染、骨关节感染、产后感染以及胃肠道及胆道感染,同时对败血症有良好疗效。它具有较小的听觉神经及肾脏毒性,并能高效对抗耐庆大霉素的肠道细菌和绿脓杆菌。

生产方法

  • 方法1:发酵法使用产菌Micromonospora inyoensis 155OF-1G。
  • 方法2:以西梭霉素为原料,通过调节pH值、乙醛烷化及氰基氢硼化钠还原等步骤制得奈替米星。
  • 方法3:对部分氨上乙酰化的西梭霉素进行处理后,引入乙基并脱去乙酰基得到奈替米星。

上下游信息

  • 上游原料
    中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 分子量

反应信息

  • 作为反应物:
    描述:
    奈替米星吡啶二乙胺基三氟化硫sodium乙酸酐 、 sodium hydride 、 sodium carbonate 作用下, 以 1,4-二氧六环二氯甲烷二甲基亚砜N,N-二甲基甲酰胺 为溶剂, 反应 25.17h, 生成 5-deoxy-5,5-difluoro-netilmicin hemicarbonate
    参考文献:
    名称:
    Synthesis of 5-deoxy-5-fluoro- and 5-deoxy-5,5-difluoro-netilmicin
    摘要:
    5-Deoxy-5-fluoro- (9) and 5-deoxy-5,5-difluoro-netilmicin (27) have been prepared from the corresponding 5-epi and 5-oxo derivatives of netilmicin by treatment with DAST. Structures of the fluorinated by-products (10, 11, and 12) obtained in one of the synthesis of 9 were determined. 5-Epinetilmicin (13) and 5-epi-6'-N-methylnetilmicin (21) have also been prepared.
    DOI:
    10.1016/0008-6215(93)87010-p
  • 作为产物:
    描述:
    3,2',6'-tri-N-acetylsisomicin 在 盐酸sodium hydroxide 、 HCl,3.) Amberlite IRA-401S 、 sodium cyanoborohydride 作用下, 反应 67.0h, 生成 奈替米星
    参考文献:
    名称:
    通过将邻位和非邻位氨基羟基对与二价过渡金属阳离子络合来合成奈替米星
    摘要:
    Sisomicin通过铜(II)的3“,4”-邻位-顺式和1,2“-非邻位氨基-羟基对络合物的乙酰化反应转化为3,2',6'-tri-N-乙酰基西索米星或乙酸钴(II)。用乙醛和氰基硼氢化钠将三-N-嵌段的衍生物在1-位还原性单烷基化,然后进行N-脱保护,得到奈替米星。
    DOI:
    10.1016/0008-6215(84)85282-9
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文献信息

  • Semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterials. Part 9. Synthesis of novel 1- and 3-substituted and 1- and 3-epi-substituted derivatives of sisomicin and gentamicin from the 1- and 3-oxo-derivatives
    作者:Dena L. Boxler、Raymond Brambilla、D. Huw Davies、Alan K. Mallams、Stuart W. McCombie、James B. Morton、Paul Reichert、H. Frederick Vernay
    DOI:10.1039/p19810002168
    日期:——
    The conversion of selectively protected gentamicin and sisomicin derivatives into the 1- and 3-oxo-compounds by reaction with 3,5-di-t-butyl-1,2-benzoquinone is described. By application of suitable reductive techniques these oxo-aminoglycosides have been converted into novel 1- and 3-epi-, 1- and 3-deamino-1- and -3-hydroxy-, 1- and 3-deamino-1- and -3-epi-hydroxy-, and 1-deamino-derivatives. A study
    描述了通过与3,5-二叔丁基-1,2-苯并醌反应而将选择性保护的庆大霉素和西索霉素衍生物转化为1-和3-氧代化合物。通过应用适当的还原技术,这些氧代-氨基糖苷已被转化为新颖的1-和3- epi-,1-和3-脱氨基-1-和-3-羟基-,1-和3-脱氨基-1-和-。 3-表羟基和1-脱氨基衍生物。所述的研究13的1- C NMR参数外延-和1-脱氨基衍生物已导致新颖的解决方案的构象为这些新的氨基糖苷类的分配。
  • 1-N-alkyl-4,6-di-(aminoglycosyl)-1,3-diaminocyclitols, methods for their
    申请人:Schering Corporation
    公开号:US04002742A1
    公开(公告)日:1977-01-11
    1-N-Alkyl-4,6-di-(aminoglycosyl)-1,3-diaminocyclitols, valuable as antibacterial agents, are prepared by treating an acid addition salt of a 4,6-di-(aminoglycosyl)-1,3-diamonocyclitol antibacterial agent in an inert solvent, preferably a protic solvent containing water, with one equivalent of a hydride donor reducing agent and with at least one equivalent of an aldehyde. The 1-N-alkyl-4,6-di-(aminoglycosyl)-1,3-diaminocyclitols are also prepared by treating the corresponding 1-N-acyl-4,6-di-(aminoglycosyl)-1,3-diaminocyclitol with an amide-reducing hydride reagent in an inert organic solvent. Other methods of preparing 1-N-alkyl-4,6-di-(aminoglycosyl)-1,3-diaminocyclitols include carrying out the foregoing processes with partially N-protected intermediates. Another useful process involves preparing a Schiff base of the 1-amino function of a partially N-protected 4,6-di-(aminoglycosyl)-1,3-diaminocyclitol followed by reduction of said Schiff base and removal of the N-protecting groups. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising 1-N-alkyl-4,6-di-(aminoglycosyl)-1,3-diaminocyclitols are described as well as the method of using said compositions to elicit an antibacterial response in a warm blooded animal having a susceptible bacterial infection.
    1-N-Alkyl-4,6-二-(氨基糖苷)-1,3-二氨基环己糖醇是一种有价值的抗菌剂,其制备方法为:将4,6-二-(氨基糖苷)-1,3-二氨基环己糖醇抗菌剂的酸加成盐在惰性溶剂中处理,最好使用含水的质子溶剂,与一个等当量的还原剂和至少一个等当量的醛反应。1-N-烷基-4,6-二-(氨基糖苷)-1,3-二氨基环己糖醇也可通过在惰性有机溶剂中处理相应的1-N-酰基-4,6-二-(氨基糖苷)-1,3-二氨基环己糖醇与酰胺还原剂反应来制备。制备1-N-烷基-4,6-二-(氨基糖苷)-1,3-二氨基环己糖醇的其他方法包括使用部分N-保护的中间体进行上述过程。另一种有用的方法涉及制备部分N-保护的4,6-二-(氨基糖苷)-1,3-二氨基环己糖醇的1-氨基功能的席夫碱,然后还原该席夫碱并去除N-保护基。描述了含有1-N-烷基-4,6-二-(氨基糖苷)-1,3-二氨基环己糖醇的制药组合物,以及使用该组合物在易感染细菌感染的温血动物中引发抗菌反应的方法。
  • Development of Sٍٍensitive Spectrofluorimetric Methods for Determining Netilmicin Based on Selective Condensation Reactions of its Amine Moiety with each Acetylacetone/Formaldehyde and Ninhydrin/Phenylacetaldehyde Reagents
    作者:Mona Saad Binkadem、Huda Salem AlSalem、Soha Talal Al-Goul、Wejdan T. Alsaggaf、Mohamed A. El Hamd、Mohamed A. Abdel-Lateef
    DOI:10.1016/j.saa.2023.122839
    日期:2023.10
    the condensation of NTC with acetylacetone and formaldehyde (Hantzsch reaction) at λemis=483 nm/λexcit=425.5 nm. While the second fluorometric method (NHD method) was relied on measuring the generated fluorescence intensity upon the condensation of NTC with ninhydrin/phenylacetaldehyde at λemis=482.2 nm/λexcit=385.8 nm. The reaction conditions for the two approaches were well investigated and optimized
    Netilmicin 是一种氨基糖苷类抗生素,用于治疗由广谱革兰氏阴性和革兰氏阳性细菌引起的感染,并以眼科剂型的形式进行药物配制。在这项研究中,设计和开发了两种荧光光谱法来开启 NTC 的荧光活性。第一种方法,或 Hantzsch (HNZ) 方法,依赖于在 NTC 与乙酰丙酮和甲醛缩合(Hantzsch 反应)时测量产生的荧光强度λ埃米斯=483纳米/λ兴奋=425.5 纳米。而第二种荧光法(NHD 法)依赖于测量 NTC 与茚三酮/苯乙醛缩合时产生的荧光强度,λ埃米斯=482.2纳米/λ兴奋=385.8 纳米。对这两种方法的反应条件进行了充分研究和优化。通过在共配制药物(地塞米松)和药物赋形剂存在的情况下测定 NTC,研究了这些方法的选择性研究。两种方法的验证是根据 ICH 指南进行的,线性范围为 0.1-1.2 和 1.5-6.0 µg/mL,而 HNZ 方法和 NHD 方法的 LOD
  • Chemo‐enzymatic Synthesis of Pseudo‐trisaccharide Aminoglycoside Antibiotics with Enhanced Nonsense Read‐through Inducer Activity
    作者:Na Joon Lee、Woongshin Kang、Younghae Kwon、Jae Wook Oh、Hogwuan Jung、Minsuk Seo、Yurin Seol、Jae Bok Wi、Yeon Hee Ban、Yeo Joon Yoon、Je Won Park
    DOI:10.1002/cmdc.202200497
    日期:2023.1.3
    Aminoglycosides (AGs) are broad-spectrum antibiotics. The principal limitation in their clinical application arises from high nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. In this study, five novel pseudo-trisaccharide analogs were synthesized by chemo-enzymatic synthesis via acid hydrolysis of commercially available AGs, followed by an enzymatic reaction using recombinant substrate-flexible KanM2 glycosyltransferase
    氨基糖苷类 (AGs)是广谱抗生素。它们临床应用的主要限制来自高肾毒性和耳毒性。在这项研究中,通过对市售 AG 进行酸水解,然后使用重组底物柔性 KanM2 糖基转移酶进行酶促反应,通过化学酶促合成合成了五种新型假三糖类似物。卡那霉素类似物 (6'-methyl-3''-deamino-3''-hydroxykanamycin C) 被选为新的 AG 命中,用于进一步研究由过早转录终止引起的人类遗传疾病。
  • Validated spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of netilmicin based on its interaction with <i>o</i>‐phthalaldehyde/mercaptoethanol: Evaluation of the method's greenness
    作者:Huda Salem AlSalem、Mona Saad Binkadem、Soha Talal Al‐Goul、Reem H. Obaydo、Mohamed A. El Hamd、Noha S. Katamesh、Mohamed A. Abdel‐Lateef
    DOI:10.1002/bio.4644
    日期:2024.2
    In this study, netilmicin (NTM) was selectively assessed in its dosage forms after a facile derivatization reaction. The proposed approach was based on the interaction between NTM and o-phthalaldehyde/2-mercaptoethanol (Roth's reagent). The reaction product was fluorometrically measured at λemission of 434 nm after λexcitation of 338 nm. All reaction conditions for achieving the optimum fluorescence
    在这项研究中,经过简单的衍生化反应后,选择性地评估了奈替米星 (NTM) 的剂型。所提出的方法基于NTM和邻苯二甲醛/2-巯基乙醇(罗斯试剂)之间的相互作用。在 338 nm 的 λ激发后,在 434 nm 的 λ发射处对反应产物进行荧光测定。实现最佳荧光开启活性的所有反应条件均被可视化和监测。此外,该方法根据 ICH 指南进行了验证,并且在将奈替米星浓度与相应的荧光强度值作图后,在 30-210 ng/ml 范围内呈线性。此外,还针对共同配制的药物(地塞米松)或常见的滴眼剂赋形剂(苯扎氯铵)研究了所开发方法的选择性,而不受其中任何一种干扰。此外,所开发的方法用于测定各种药物滴眼液样品中的奈替米星,回收率良好。最后,使用多标准绿色度和白度指标来评估该方法的可持续性、绿色度和白度。应用的工具有AGREE算法、RGB 12算法和HEXAGON。
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