Dichlobenil is a white solid dissolved or suspended in a water-emulsifiable liquid carrier. The primary hazard is the threat to the environment. Immediate steps should be taken to limit spread to the environment. Can easily penetrate the soil and contaminate groundwater and nearby streams. Can cause illness by inhalation, skin absorption and/or ingestion. Used as a herbicide.
颜色/状态:
White crystalline solid
气味:
Aromatic odor
溶解度:
Solubility in solvents (w/v) (approx): acetone 5% at 8 °C; benzene 5% at 8 °C; cyclohexanone 7% at 15-20 °C; ethanol 5% at 8 °C; furfural 7% at 8 °C; methylene chloride 10% at 20 °C; methylethylketone 7% at 15-20 °C; tetrahydrofuran 9% at 8 °C; toluene 4% at 20 °C; xylene 5% at 8 °C.
蒸汽压力:
6.6X10-4 mm Hg at 20 °C
稳定性/保质期:
Stable to heat, <270 °C. Stable to acids, but rapidly hydrolysed by strong alkalis to 2,6-dichlorobenzamide. In sterile aqueous solutions at pH 5, 7 and 9 in the dark (22 °C), decomposition only 5-10% after 150 days.
自燃温度:
Not Applicable. Not flammable. (USCG, 1999)
分解:
When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /hydrogen chloride, hydrogen cyanide, and nitrogen oxides/.
In the unhydrolyzed urine of rats ... Metabolites were found: 2,6-dichloro-3-hydroxybenzonitrile and 2,6-dichloro-4-hydroxybenzonitrile and their glucuronides and sulfate, and the ester glucuronides of 2,6-dichlorobenzoic acid and 2,6-dichloro-3-hydroxybenzoic acid. An unknown aromatic acid and two sulfur containing metabolites--possibly mercapturic compounds--were also observed. ... Urine of rabbits & rats fed dichlobenil showed the presence of residues in amounts of 2% and 6%, respectively ... in the form of the 4-hydroxy analog; & 23% and 22%, respectively, in form of the 3-hydroxy analog. The hippurate conjugate was also observed ... .
When dichlobenil was applied to soil surrounding 8-yr-old apple trees ... leaves accumulated dichlobenil, BAM /2,6-dichlorobenzamide/, 2,6-dichloro-3-(& 4-) hydroxybenzamide, 2,6-dichloro-3-(& 4-) hydroxybenzonitriles, & some unidentified material ... /In Phaseolus vulgaris l/ seedlings ... hydroxylation, followed by conjugation, is primary pathway. In addition to formation of 2,6-dichloro-3-(& 4-) hydroxybenzonitrile ... hydrolysis of dichlobenil to 2,6-dichlorbenzamide & 2,6-dichlorobenzoic acid also occurred. Seedlings of wheat ... & rice ... were exposed to labeled dichlobenil by immersion of their roots in /water/ solution ... In wheat /& in rice at lower rate it/ ... was hydroxylated to 3- and 4-hydroxy analogs & converted to soluble and insoluble conjugates.
When dichlobenil was applied to water cress, Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum, chromatography indicated the presence of the 3-OH and 4-OH analogs in roots and 2,6-dichlorobenzamide in the stems. The 3-OH and 4-OH compounds seemed to be present in stems and roots of narrow-leafed water parsnip, Berula erecta and 2,6-dichlorobenzamide possibly present in Berula erecta leaves. The 3-OH and 4-OH metabolites were present in all regions of reedgrass, Phragmites commums.
Hydrolysis of the nitrile group and hydroxylation at the 3-position of the phenyl ring of dichlobenil are the main metabolic routes in the initial degradation step, but all routes eventually yield the polar metabolite, 3-hydroxy-2,6-dichlorobenzoic acid.
2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile has known human metabolites that include 1,3-dichloro-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]hepta-3,5-diene-2-carbonitrile and 2,4-dichloro-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]hepta-2,4-diene-3-carbonitrile.
Organic nitriles decompose into cyanide ions both in vivo and in vitro. Consequently the primary mechanism of toxicity for organic nitriles is their production of toxic cyanide ions or hydrogen cyanide. Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected. Cyanide is also known produce some of its toxic effects by binding to catalase, glutathione peroxidase, methemoglobin, hydroxocobalamin, phosphatase, tyrosinase, ascorbic acid oxidase, xanthine oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. Cyanide binds to the ferric ion of methemoglobin to form inactive cyanmethemoglobin. (L97)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌性证据
癌症分类:C组可能的人类致癌物
Cancer Classification: Group C Possible Human Carcinogen
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类无致癌性(未列入国际癌症研究机构IARC清单)。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Exposure to high levels of cyanide for a short time harms the brain and heart and can even cause coma, seizures, apnea, cardiac arrest and death. Chronic inhalation of cyanide causes breathing difficulties, chest pain, vomiting, blood changes, headaches, and enlargement of the thyroid gland. Skin contact with cyanide salts can irritate and produce sores. (L96, L97)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
暴露途径
这种物质可以通过吸入、皮肤接触和摄入被身体吸收。
The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.
来源:ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
Dogs (Beagles) & rats (Porter strain) did not show species differences in patterns of elimination of metabolites ... Single labeled doses ... were almost entirely eliminated in 4 days. Less than 0.5% ... was present in carcass & viscera after removal of gut ... upwards of 60% appeared in urine.
Roots and cut stems readily absorb dichlobenil from aqueous or nutrient solutions... . Dichlobenil is often absorbed and accumulated in root tissues... before it is translocated upward. ...Under favorable concentration gradients, root-absorbed dichlobenil was excreted back into nutrient solution.
...Radiocarbon from (14)carbon dichlobenil accumulates in parenchyma cells surrounding main veins of bean seedling leaves. Movement and accumulation of radiocarbon in these cells may be result of... transport via intercellular space or across the plasma lemma, adsorption to chloroplasts or other cellular components, and immobilization of conjugated phenolic metabolites as bound "terminal" residues ... (14)carbon balance and vapor-trapping studies have established that substantial amount of translocated radiocarbon is rapidly lost as... dichlobenil by evaporation from aerial portions of intact plants. ...It is also absorbed and translocated by aerial portions of plant. Absorption has been reported... from vapor... and from lanolin paste ... It was translocated in acropetal direction with very limited basipetal movement... .
Studies with (14)carbon dichlobenil showed that more of it was absorbed by rabbits than by rats. ... Unchanged dichlobenil was not found in the urine but was found in the feces.
[EN] ACC INHIBITORS AND USES THEREOF<br/>[FR] INHIBITEURS DE L'ACC ET UTILISATIONS ASSOCIÉES
申请人:GILEAD APOLLO LLC
公开号:WO2017075056A1
公开(公告)日:2017-05-04
The present invention provides compounds I and II useful as inhibitors of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC), compositions thereof, and methods of using the same.
[EN] 3-[(HYDRAZONO)METHYL]-N-(TETRAZOL-5-YL)-BENZAMIDE AND 3-[(HYDRAZONO)METHYL]-N-(1,3,4-OXADIAZOL-2-YL)-BENZAMIDE DERIVATIVES AS HERBICIDES<br/>[FR] DÉRIVÉS DE 3-[(HYDRAZONO))MÉTHYL]-N-(TÉTRAZOL-5-YL)-BENZAMIDE ET DE 3-[(HYDRAZONO)MÉTHYL]-N-(1,3,4-OXADIAZOL-2-YL)-BENZAMIDE UTILISÉS EN TANT QU'HERBICIDES
申请人:SYNGENTA CROP PROTECTION AG
公开号:WO2021013969A1
公开(公告)日:2021-01-28
The present invention related to compounds of Formula (I): or an agronomically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Q, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are as described herein. The invention further relates to compositions comprising said compounds, to methods of controlling weeds using said compositions, and to the use of compounds of Formula (I) as a herbicide.
[EN] INSECTICIDAL TRIAZINONE DERIVATIVES<br/>[FR] DÉRIVÉS DE TRIAZINONE INSECTICIDES
申请人:SYNGENTA PARTICIPATIONS AG
公开号:WO2013079350A1
公开(公告)日:2013-06-06
Compounds of the formula (I) or (I'), wherein the substituents are as defined in claim 1, are useful as pesticides.
式(I)或(I')的化合物,其中取代基如权利要求1所定义的那样,可用作杀虫剂。
Reaction of Diisobutylaluminum Borohydride, a Binary Hydride, with Selected Organic Compounds Containing Representative Functional Groups
作者:Gabriella Amberchan、Rachel A. Snelling、Enrique Moya、Madison Landi、Kyle Lutz、Roxanne Gatihi、Bakthan Singaram
DOI:10.1021/acs.joc.0c03062
日期:2021.5.7
from diisobutylaluminum hydride (DIBAL) and borane dimethyl sulfide (BMS) has shown great potential in reducing a variety of organic functional groups. This unique binary hydride, (iBu)2AlBH4, is readily synthesized, versatile, and simple to use. Aldehydes, ketones, esters, and epoxides are reduced very fast to the corresponding alcohols in essentially quantitative yields. This binary hydride can reduce
An efficient and inexpensive synthesis of N-substituted amides from the Ritter reaction of nitriles with esters catalyzed by Fe(ClO4)3·H2O is described. Fe(ClO4)3·H2O is an economically efficient catalyst for the Ritter reaction under solvent-free conditions. Reactions of a range of esters (benzyl, sec-alkyl, and tert-butyl esters) with nitriles (primary, secondary, tertiary, and aryl nitriles) were