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    首页 分子通 按物质功能分类 生物化工 提取物

    提取物

    在植物生长过程中进行了一系列新陈代谢生化过程，形成了多种化学物质，构成植物的复杂化学成分。这些物质种类繁多，不同部位含有不同的成分。一般而言，植物中含有以下几种类型的化学成分：生物碱、苷类、有机酸、树脂（包括树脂酸、树脂醇和树脂烃）、挥发油、糖类（如淀粉、菊淀粉、树胶和粘液质等）、氨基酸、蛋白质及酶、鞣质、植物色素（如叶绿素、胡萝卜素、黄酮类、甜菜红碱类和醌类）以及油脂、蜡和无机成分（微量元素）。

    植物提取物种类多样，在皮肤药品、疗效化妆品和日常护肤品中，它们的主要功能包括抗刺激、消炎、促进伤口愈合、抗菌、消毒、滋润及保护皮肤。单一或复方的植物提取物都能发挥多种效能，尤其是复方提取物因其综合配伍作用而表现出更好的整体效果。

    按剂型分类，植物提取物分为水溶性提取物（如用水和丙二醇、丁二醇等提取液）、油溶性提取物（如各种植物油及肉豆蔻异丙酯提取物）、精油、喷雾干燥粉、酶解蛋白粉、纯有效成分、去皮果实核的干粉、脂质体包封微囊、多糖或其他聚合物包封微囊和多孔微球吸收提取物等。此外，新鲜榨取的水果或蔬菜汁也在专业美容院及家庭护理中使用。

    植物的有效成分因其所用部位不同而异，主要分为根、茎、叶、皮、花、花冠、果实、种子和幼芽等部分。这些分类在生产、应用、存储和运输方面具有重要意义，并被许多生产厂家采用。

    随着提取、分离技术以及对其结构的研究不断进步，纯化植物提取物逐渐受到重视。一些化妆品公司积极开发此类产品，分离并制备纯净的提取物，应用于各类美容产品中。这类提取物的有效成分含量高，不含或仅含少量无关物质，并具有明确的质量标准和检验方法。尽管成本较高，但使用这些植物提取物能提高产品的防腐性能及质量控制水平。

    中国的植物提取物产业因受传统中医药文化影响而具备独特优势，凭借着丰富的资源和技术支持，在国际市场上占据重要地位。2010年，我国植物提取物出口额达到8.15亿美元，占中药出口总额的41.9%，成为中药出口增长的主要动力。目前约有2000家企业从事植物提取物生产和贸易，每年出口上千种产品。

    数据显示，2011年上半年，我国植物提取物出口额为5.25亿美元，同比增长47.68%。由于其作为“天然药物”和“顺势疗法”的应用，在国际市场拥有稳定的销路。

    下级分类

    相关化合物

    中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
    —— glycyrrhetinic acid 1449-05-4 C30H46O4
    glycyrrhetinic acid
    —— Glycyrrhetinsaeure 471-53-4 C30H46O4
    Glycyrrhetinsaeure
    —— 20(S)-betulafolienetriol 6892-79-1 C30H52O3
    20(S)-betulafolienetriol
    —— (3S,10R,13R,17R)-10,13-Dimethyl-17-(1,4,5-trimethyl-hexyl)-2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol 474-62-4 C28H48O
    (3S,10R,13R,17R)-10,13-Dimethyl-17-(1,4,5-trimethyl-hexyl)-2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol
    —— (20S)-protopanaxadiol 6892-79-1 C30H52O3
    (20S)-protopanaxadiol
    —— 1,2-O-isopropylidene-β-D-fructopyranose 66900-93-4 C9H16O6
    1,2-O-isopropylidene-β-D-fructopyranose
    —— 2-[(1R,4R,5aR,8aS,9R,12S,17aS,18S,20aS,21R,24S,27S,30S,33S,36S,39S,42S,45S,48S,51S,54R,59R,62S,65S,74S,77R,80S,86S,92S)-51,80,92-tris(4-aminobutyl)-5a-[[(2S)-1-amino-5-carbamimidamido-1-oxopentan-2-yl]carbamoyl]-9-[[(2S)-2-amino-4-methylsulfanylbutanoyl]amino]-39,62-bis(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-24-benzyl-48,86-bis(3-carbamimidamidopropyl)-20a,33-bis(carboxymethyl)-27,30-bis[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-74-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-36-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-45-methyl-8a-(2-methylpropyl)-12,42-bis(2-methylsulfanylethyl)-a,3,7a,10,10a,13,15a,18a,19,21a,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,61,64,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97-tritriacontaoxo-2a,3a,6,7,12a,13a,56,57-octathia-2,6a,9a,11,14,16a,19a,20,22a,23,26,29,32,35,38,41,44,47,50,53,60,63,69,72,75,78,81,84,87,90,93,96,99-tritriacontazahexacyclo[57.41.10.84,54.421,77.014,18.065,69]docosahectan-17a-yl]acetic acid 163515-35-3 C158H249N53O47S11
    2-[(1R,4R,5aR,8aS,9R,12S,17aS,18S,20aS,21R,24S,27S,30S,33S,36S,39S,42S,45S,48S,51S,54R,59R,62S,65S,74S,77R,80S,86S,92S)-51,80,92-tris(4-aminobutyl)-5a-[[(2S)-1-amino-5-carbamimidamido-1-oxopentan-2-yl]carbamoyl]-9-[[(2S)-2-amino-4-methylsulfanylbutanoyl]amino]-39,62-bis(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-24-benzyl-48,86-bis(3-carbamimidamidopropyl)-20a,33-bis(carboxymethyl)-27,30-bis[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-74-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-36-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-45-methyl-8a-(2-methylpropyl)-12,42-bis(2-methylsulfanylethyl)-a,3,7a,10,10a,13,15a,18a,19,21a,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,61,64,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97-tritriacontaoxo-2a,3a,6,7,12a,13a,56,57-octathia-2,6a,9a,11,14,16a,19a,20,22a,23,26,29,32,35,38,41,44,47,50,53,60,63,69,72,75,78,81,84,87,90,93,96,99-tritriacontazahexacyclo[57.41.10.84,54.421,77.014,18.065,69]docosahectan-17a-yl]acetic acid
    —— maytansinol 57103-68-1 C28H37ClN2O8
    maytansinol
    —— (-)-maytansinol 57103-68-1 C28H37ClN2O8
    (-)-maytansinol
    —— Gamboginsaeure (Gambogic acid) 2752-65-0 C38H44O8
    Gamboginsaeure (Gambogic acid)
    —— Gambogasaeure 2752-65-0 C38H44O8
    Gambogasaeure
    —— ginsenoside-Rb<sub>1</sub> 41753-43-9 C54H92O23
    ginsenoside-Rb<sub>1</sub>
    —— ginsenoside Rg5 74964-14-0 C42H70O12
    ginsenoside Rg5
    —— 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3 38243-03-7 C42H72O13
    20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3
    —— (3β,12β)-20-[(6-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-12-hydroxydammar-24-en-3-yl 2-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside 41753-43-9 C54H92O23
    (3β,12β)-20-[(6-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-12-hydroxydammar-24-en-3-yl 2-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside
    —— (+/-)-4'-O-demethyl-1-epipodophyllotoxin 6559-91-7 C21H20O8
    (+/-)-4'-O-demethyl-1-epipodophyllotoxin
    —— granatan-3-one 552-70-5 C9H15NO
    granatan-3-one
    —— (+)-Stepholidine 16562-13-3 C19H21NO4
    (+)-Stepholidine
    —— (+)-cis-3'-isovaleryl-4'-acetylkhellactone 477-32-7 C21H24O7
    (+)-cis-3'-isovaleryl-4'-acetylkhellactone
    —— cis-3'-isovaleryl-4'-acetylkhellactone 477-32-7 C21H24O7
    cis-3'-isovaleryl-4'-acetylkhellactone
    —— 3β-hydroxy-olean-12-en-28-oic acid methyl ester 1724-17-0 C31H50O3
    3β-hydroxy-olean-12-en-28-oic acid methyl ester
    —— 28-desglucosylchikusetsusaponin IVa 26020-14-4 C36H56O9
    28-desglucosylchikusetsusaponin IVa
    —— methyl 3β-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oate 1724-17-0 C31H50O3
    methyl 3β-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oate
    —— 3β-hydroxyoleane-12-en-28-oic acid 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranoside 117585-05-4 C41H66O12
    3β-hydroxyoleane-12-en-28-oic acid 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranoside
    —— (-)-schizandrin 7432-28-2 C24H32O7
    (-)-schizandrin
    —— Benzoyl-gomisin-H 66056-23-3 C30H34O8
    Benzoyl-gomisin-H
    —— schizandrin 7432-28-2 C24H32O7
    schizandrin
    —— (+)-isoschisandrin 7432-28-2 C24H32O7
    (+)-isoschisandrin
    —— isoschizandrin 7432-28-2 C24H32O7
    isoschizandrin
    —— 7,14-Dihydroxykaur-16-ene-3,15-dione 79498-31-0 C20H28O4
    7,14-Dihydroxykaur-16-ene-3,15-dione
    —— Tectoridin 611-40-5 C22H22O11
    Tectoridin
    —— oroxylin A 7-O-glucuronide 36948-76-2 C22H20O11
    oroxylin A 7-O-glucuronide
    —— 3',7-Di-O-glucosylluteolin 52187-80-1 C27H30O16
    3',7-Di-O-glucosylluteolin
    —— saponin-K<sub>12</sub> 14216-03-6 C59H96O26
    saponin-K<sub>12</sub>
    —— 1D-5-O-methyl-myo-inositol 523-92-2 C7H14O6
    1D-5-O-methyl-myo-inositol
    —— 7-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-Dihydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-3-((2S,3S,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyl-tetrahydro-pyran-2-yloxy)-tetrahydro-pyran-2-yloxy]-2-(3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)-5-hydroxy-chromen-4-one 25694-72-8 C27H30O15
    7-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-Dihydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-3-((2S,3S,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyl-tetrahydro-pyran-2-yloxy)-tetrahydro-pyran-2-yloxy]-2-(3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)-5-hydroxy-chromen-4-one
    —— cytisine 485-35-8 C11H14N2O
    cytisine
    —— ginsenoside-Rd 52705-93-8 C48H82O18
    ginsenoside-Rd
    —— Dipsacosid B 33289-85-9 C53H86O22
    Dipsacosid B
    —— ganoderic acid G 98665-22-6 C30H44O8
    ganoderic acid G
    —— quercetin-7-O-glucopyranoside 491-50-9 C21H20O12
    quercetin-7-O-glucopyranoside
    —— kaempferol 7-O-glucoside 16290-07-6 C21H20O11
    kaempferol 7-O-glucoside
    —— cyanidin-3-glucoside 7084-24-4 C21H21O11
    cyanidin-3-glucoside
    —— formononetin 7-O-glucoside 486-62-4 C22H22O9
    formononetin 7-O-glucoside
    —— calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside 20633-67-4 C22H22O10
    calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside
    —— chicanine 78919-28-5 C20H22O5
    chicanine
    —— 2β,3β,16α,23,24-pentahydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid 22327-82-8 C30H48O7
    2β,3β,16α,23,24-pentahydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid
    —— Atractylon 3484-43-3 C15H20O
    Atractylon
    —— polygalacic acid 22338-71-2 C30H48O6
    polygalacic acid
    —— 4-methylsulfinylbutyl glucosinolate 1432982-77-8 C12H23NO10S3
    4-methylsulfinylbutyl glucosinolate