提取物
在植物生长过程中进行了一系列新陈代谢生化过程，形成了多种化学物质，构成植物的复杂化学成分。这些物质种类繁多，不同部位含有不同的成分。一般而言，植物中含有以下几种类型的化学成分：生物碱、苷类、有机酸、树脂（包括树脂酸、树脂醇和树脂烃）、挥发油、糖类（如淀粉、菊淀粉、树胶和粘液质等）、氨基酸、蛋白质及酶、鞣质、植物色素（如叶绿素、胡萝卜素、黄酮类、甜菜红碱类和醌类）以及油脂、蜡和无机成分（微量元素）。
植物提取物种类多样，在皮肤药品、疗效化妆品和日常护肤品中，它们的主要功能包括抗刺激、消炎、促进伤口愈合、抗菌、消毒、滋润及保护皮肤。单一或复方的植物提取物都能发挥多种效能，尤其是复方提取物因其综合配伍作用而表现出更好的整体效果。
按剂型分类，植物提取物分为水溶性提取物（如用水和丙二醇、丁二醇等提取液）、油溶性提取物（如各种植物油及肉豆蔻异丙酯提取物）、精油、喷雾干燥粉、酶解蛋白粉、纯有效成分、去皮果实核的干粉、脂质体包封微囊、多糖或其他聚合物包封微囊和多孔微球吸收提取物等。此外，新鲜榨取的水果或蔬菜汁也在专业美容院及家庭护理中使用。
植物的有效成分因其所用部位不同而异，主要分为根、茎、叶、皮、花、花冠、果实、种子和幼芽等部分。这些分类在生产、应用、存储和运输方面具有重要意义，并被许多生产厂家采用。
随着提取、分离技术以及对其结构的研究不断进步，纯化植物提取物逐渐受到重视。一些化妆品公司积极开发此类产品，分离并制备纯净的提取物，应用于各类美容产品中。这类提取物的有效成分含量高，不含或仅含少量无关物质，并具有明确的质量标准和检验方法。尽管成本较高，但使用这些植物提取物能提高产品的防腐性能及质量控制水平。
中国的植物提取物产业因受传统中医药文化影响而具备独特优势，凭借着丰富的资源和技术支持，在国际市场上占据重要地位。2010年，我国植物提取物出口额达到8.15亿美元，占中药出口总额的41.9%，成为中药出口增长的主要动力。目前约有2000家企业从事植物提取物生产和贸易，每年出口上千种产品。
数据显示，2011年上半年，我国植物提取物出口额为5.25亿美元，同比增长47.68%。由于其作为“天然药物”和“顺势疗法”的应用，在国际市场拥有稳定的销路。
相关化合物
| 中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 | 结构式图片 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| —— | chikusetsusaponin V | 34367-04-9 | C48H76O19 |
|
| —— | (-)-1,3,5-tri-O-caffeoylquinic acid | 1073897-80-9 | C34H30O15 |
|
| —— | methyl protogracillin | 54522-53-1 | C52H86O23 |
|
| —— | 1-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(2S,3R,4E,8Z)-2-N-(2’-hydroxypalmitoyl)octadecasphinga-4,8-dienine | 87384-99-4 | C40H75NO9 |
|
| —— | dehydropachymic acid | 77012-31-8 | C33H50O5 |
|
| —— | (+)-δ-cadinene | 483-76-1 | C15H24 |
|
| —— | myoporoside | 50906-66-6 | C15H24O9 |
|
| —— | Phytochemistry 12: 391 (1973) | 11141-17-6 | C35H44O16 |
|
| —— | 3,4,5-Tricaffeoylquinic acid | 86632-03-3 | C34H30O15 |
|
| —— | wilfordine | 37239-51-3 | C43H49NO19 |
|
| —— | 1-methyl-8-[(E)-tridec-2-enyl]quinolin-4-one | 15266-38-3 | C23H33NO |
|
| —— | 4-Methylsulfinylbutyl glucosinolate | 21414-41-5 | C12H23NO10S3 |
|
| —— | (-)-(A-b)-8β-acetoxy-14α-benzoyloxy-N-ethyl-13β,15α-dihydroxy-1α,6α,16β,18-tetramethoxyaconitane | 3175-95-9 | C34H47NO10 |
|
| —— | [(1S,3R,4R,6R,8S,9S,10R,11R,14R,15R,17S)-4,10,15,17-tetrahydroxy-5,5,10,15-tetramethyl-7-oxapentacyclo[12.2.1.01,11.04,9.06,8]heptadecan-3-yl] acetate | 26116-89-2 | C22H34O7 |
|
| —— | [(1S,3R,4R,6R,8S,9S,10R,11R,14R,15R,17S)-3,4,10,15-tetrahydroxy-5,5,10,15-tetramethyl-7-oxapentacyclo[12.2.1.01,11.04,9.06,8]heptadecan-17-yl] acetate | 37720-86-8 | C22H34O7 |
|
| —— | (2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2-[(2R,3S,4S,5S,6R)-2-[[(3S,5R,6S,8R,9R,10R,12R,13R,14R,17S)-3,12-dihydroxy-17-[(2S)-2-hydroxy-6-methylhept-5-en-2-yl]-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-2,3,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-6-yl]oxy]-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy-6-methyloxane-3,4,5-triol | 52286-74-5 | C42H72O13 |
|
| —— | α-zingiberene | 495-60-3 | C15H24 |
|
| —— | 3-[(3S,4R,5R,6S)-4,5-dihydroxy-3-[(3S,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[[(2S,3S,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one | 55804-74-5 | C33H40O19 |
|
| —— | (1R,3S,6R,7S,8S,9R,10S,11S,13S,16S,17R)-8-tert-butyl-6,9,17-trihydroxy-16-methyl-2,4,14,19-tetraoxahexacyclo[8.7.2.01,11.03,7.07,11.013,17]nonadecane-5,15,18-trione | 107438-79-9 | C20H24O10 |
|
| —— | (3R,5R)-1,4-bis[3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyloxy]-3,5-dihydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid | 1182-34-9 | C25H24O12 |
|
| —— | (1E,4E)-2,6,6,9-tetramethylcycloundeca-1,4,8-triene | 6753-98-6 | C15H24 |
|
| —— | (all-E)-Crocetin | 27876-94-4 | C20H24O4 |
|
| —— | (+)-epi-syringaresinol di-O-β-D-glucoside | 79484-75-6 | C34H46O18 |
|
| —— | Rhodojaponin V | 37720-86-8 | C22H34O7 |
|
| —— | hederacolchiside E | 33783-82-3 | C65H106O30 |
|
| —— | (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-6-[(1R,2S,3S,4R,5'R,6R,7S,8R,9S,12S,13S,15R,16R)-3,15-dihydroxy-5',7,9,13-tetramethylspiro[5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icosane-6,2'-oxane]-16-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol | 11024-24-1 | C56H92O29 |
|
| —— | (3S,5R)-4-[(2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxy-3-[(2S,3R,5R,9R,10R,13R,14S,17S)-2,3,14-trihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-6-oxo-2,3,4,5,9,11,12,15,16,17-decahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl]butyl]-3,5-dimethyloxolan-2-one | 17086-76-9 | C29H44O8 |
|
| —— | (1R,6R,7S,8S,9R,10S,11S,13S,16S,17R)-8-tert-butyl-6,9,17-trihydroxy-16-methyl-2,4,14,19-tetraoxahexacyclo[8.7.2.01,11.03,7.07,11.013,17]nonadecane-5,15,18-trione | 107438-79-9 | C20H24O10 |
|
| —— | (1S,5R,8R,11R,14S,16R)-7-ethyl-5-methyl-12-methylidene-7-azahexacyclo[7.6.2.210,13.01,8.05,16.010,15]nonadecane-11,14-diol | 1354-84-3 | C22H33NO2 |
|
| —— | (1S,4Z,12S,13R)-5,10-dimethyl-8,14,16-trioxatetracyclo[10.2.2.01,13.07,11]hexadeca-4,7(11),9-trien-15-one | 13476-25-0 | C15H16O4 |
|
| —— | 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-3-(((3S,4R,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)chromenylium chloride | 27214-72-8 | C20H19ClO10 |
|
| —— | rhodojaponin II | 26116-89-2 | C22H34O7 |
|
| —— | Jujuboside A1 | 194851-84-8 | C58H94O26 |
|
| —— | methyl (1S,15R,17S,18S)-17-ethyl-6-[(1S,12R,14R,15Z,18S)-15-ethylidene-18-methoxycarbonyl-17-methyl-10,17-diazatetracyclo[12.3.1.03,11.04,9]octadeca-3(11),4,6,8-tetraen-12-yl]-7-methoxy-3,13-diazapentacyclo[13.3.1.02,10.04,9.013,18]nonadeca-2(10),4,6,8-tetraene-1-carboxylate | 3371-85-5 | C43H52N4O5 |
|
| —— | [(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-[[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl] (1S,2R,4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,9R,10R,11R,12aR,14bR)-10,11-dihydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydro-1H-picene-4a-carboxylate | 16830-15-2 | C48H78O19 |
|
| —— | Luteolin-7-O-neohesperidosid | 25694-72-8 | C27H30O15 |
|
| —— | (2E)-{(4R,5S,6S)-6-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-4,5-dihydroxycyclohex-2-en-1-ylidene}acetonitrile | 63492-69-3 | C14H19NO8 |
|
| —— | notoginsenoside-R2 | 80418-25-3 | C41H70O13 |
|
| —— | (2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-2-[(2R,3S,4R,5S,6S)-2-[(2R,3S,4R,5S,6S)-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6S)-6-[(1S,2R,3R,4R,5'S,6S,7S,8S,9R,12R,13R,15S,16S,18R)-3,15-dihydroxy-5',7,9,13-tetramethylspiro[5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icosane-6,2'-oxane]-16-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[(2R,3S,4R,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol | 11024-24-1 | C56H92O29 |
|
| —— | 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-7-[(2S,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2R,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one | 13463-28-0 | C27H32O15 |
|
| —— | 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one | 21637-25-2 | C21H20O12 |
|
| —— | Asiaticoside | 16830-15-2 | C48H78O19 |
|
| —— | 3-O-(Glcb1-3Galb1-2-(Xylb1-3)-Glcb1-4Galb)-(25R)-5alpha-spirostan-2alpha,3beta,15beta-triol | 11024-24-1 | C56H92O29 |
|
| —— | [(1R,2S,3E,5R,7R,9E,11R,12S,16S)-16-benzyl-5,12-dihydroxy-5,7,13,14-tetramethyl-6,18-dioxo-17-azatricyclo[9.7.0.01,15]octadeca-3,9,13-trien-2-yl] acetate | 22144-76-9 | C30H37NO6 |
|
| —— | 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-7-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one | 13463-28-0 | C27H32O15 |
|
| —— | Vocamine | 3371-85-5 | C43H52N4O5 |
|
| —— | (16E)-11-Chloro-6,21-dihydroxy-12,20-dimethoxy-2,5,9,16-tetramethyl-4,24-dioxa-9,22-diazatetracyclo[19.3.1.1~10,14~.0~3,5~]hexacosa-10(26),11,13,16,18-pentaene-8,23-dione | 57103-68-1 | C28H37ClN2O8 |
|
| —— | 3, 1-Carboxy-4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-cyclohexylene ester | 1182-34-9 | C25H24O12 |
|
| —— | Epoxylathyrol | 28649-60-7 | C20H30O5 |
|
| —— | Holothurin | 11029-72-4 | C54H85NaO25S |
|
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