在植物生长过程中进行了一系列新陈代谢生化过程,形成了多种化学物质,构成植物的复杂化学成分。这些物质种类繁多,不同部位含有不同的成分。一般而言,植物中含有以下几种类型的化学成分:生物碱、苷类、有机酸、树脂(包括树脂酸、树脂醇和树脂烃)、挥发油、糖类(如淀粉、菊淀粉、树胶和粘液质等)、氨基酸、蛋白质及酶、鞣质、植物色素(如叶绿素、胡萝卜素、黄酮类、甜菜红碱类和醌类)以及油脂、蜡和无机成分(微量元素)。
植物提取物种类多样,在皮肤药品、疗效化妆品和日常护肤品中,它们的主要功能包括抗刺激、消炎、促进伤口愈合、抗菌、消毒、滋润及保护皮肤。单一或复方的植物提取物都能发挥多种效能,尤其是复方提取物因其综合配伍作用而表现出更好的整体效果。
按剂型分类,植物提取物分为水溶性提取物(如用水和丙二醇、丁二醇等提取液)、油溶性提取物(如各种植物油及肉豆蔻异丙酯提取物)、精油、喷雾干燥粉、酶解蛋白粉、纯有效成分、去皮果实核的干粉、脂质体包封微囊、多糖或其他聚合物包封微囊和多孔微球吸收提取物等。此外,新鲜榨取的水果或蔬菜汁也在专业美容院及家庭护理中使用。
植物的有效成分因其所用部位不同而异,主要分为根、茎、叶、皮、花、花冠、果实、种子和幼芽等部分。这些分类在生产、应用、存储和运输方面具有重要意义,并被许多生产厂家采用。
随着提取、分离技术以及对其结构的研究不断进步,纯化植物提取物逐渐受到重视。一些化妆品公司积极开发此类产品,分离并制备纯净的提取物,应用于各类美容产品中。这类提取物的有效成分含量高,不含或仅含少量无关物质,并具有明确的质量标准和检验方法。尽管成本较高,但使用这些植物提取物能提高产品的防腐性能及质量控制水平。
中国的植物提取物产业因受传统中医药文化影响而具备独特优势,凭借着丰富的资源和技术支持,在国际市场上占据重要地位。2010年,我国植物提取物出口额达到8.15亿美元,占中药出口总额的41.9%,成为中药出口增长的主要动力。目前约有2000家企业从事植物提取物生产和贸易,每年出口上千种产品。
数据显示,2011年上半年,我国植物提取物出口额为5.25亿美元,同比增长47.68%。由于其作为“天然药物”和“顺势疗法”的应用,在国际市场拥有稳定的销路。
中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 | 结构式图片 |
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—— | Hederacolchiside C | 36284-77-2 | C59H96O25 |
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—— | 1H,3H-Pyrano(3,4-c)pyran-5-carboxylic acid, 8-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-4,4a,8,8a-tetrahydro-3-hydroxy-1-methyl-, methyl ester | 25406-64-8 | C17H26O11 |
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—— | (+/-)-cis-4'-acetyl-3'-tigloylkhellactone | 14017-71-1 | C21H22O7 |
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—— | (E,R)-Heptadeca-1,9-dien-4,6-diyne-3-ol | 21852-80-2 | C17H24O |
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—— | 2-{[4,5-dihydroxy-2-({16-hydroxy-2,6,6,10,11-pentamethyl-14-[(2Z)-6-methylhepta-2,5-dien-2-yl]tetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadecan-5-yl}oxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy}-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol | 74964-14-0 | C42H70O12 |
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—— | (6S,9S,11S,12S,14S,15R,16R)-15-[(2S,5R)-5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-methyloxolan-2-yl]-7,7,12,16-tetramethylpentacyclo[9.7.0.01,3.03,8.012,16]octadecane-6,9,14-triol | 84605-18-5 | C30H50O5 |
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—— | (3beta,16alpha)-3-(beta-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-16-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid | 78285-90-2 | C36H58O9 |
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—— | kahweol | 6894-43-5 | C20H26O3 |
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—— | beta-D-Glucopyranoside, (3beta,12beta,20E)-12-hydroxydammara-20(22),24-dien-3-yl 2-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl- | 186763-78-0 | C42H70O12 |
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—— | (4aR,5R,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,10S,12aR,14bR)-5-hydroxy-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-10-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid | 78285-90-2 | C36H58O9 |
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—— | (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6R)-6-[(1R,2S,3S,4R,5'R,6S,7R,8R,9S,12S,13S,15R,16S,18S)-3,15-dihydroxy-5',7,9,13-tetramethylspiro[5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icosane-6,2'-oxane]-16-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol | 11024-24-1 | C56H92O29 |
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—— | Strophanthoside-K | 33279-57-1 | C42H64O19 |
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—— | Potassium;[1-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]sulfanylbut-3-enylideneamino] sulfate | 3952-98-5 | C10H16KNO9S2 |
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—— | beta-D-Glucopyranoside, 2,6-dimethoxy-4-(tetrahydro-4-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1H,3H-furo(3,4-c)furan-1-yl)phenyl, (1S-(1alpha,3aalpha,4a,6aalpha))- | 7374-79-0 | C28H36O13 |
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—— | Acomonine | 509-18-2 | C25H41NO7 |
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—— | Glc(?1-4)a-Glc | 69-79-4 | C12H22O11 |
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—— | [(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-[[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl] (1S,2R,4aS,6aR,6aR,6bR,8R,8aR,9R,10R,11R,12aR,14bS)-8,10,11-trihydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydro-1H-picene-4a-carboxylate | 34540-22-2 | C48H78O20 |
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—— | 3-Dimethylallyl-4,4'-dihydroxy-6-methoxychalcone | 58749-22-7 | C21H22O4 |
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—— | Ophiopogonin A | 11054-24-3 | C41H64O13 |
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—— | Sennoside C | 37271-16-2 | C42H40O19 |
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—— | Roburic acid | 6812-81-3 | C30H48O2 |
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—— | Rhodionine | 85571-15-9 | C21H20O11 |
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—— | 3-[3-[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxydecanoyloxy]decanoic acid;3-[3-[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxydecanoyloxy]decanoic acid | 147858-26-2 | C58H106O22 |
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—— | [(2S,3R,6R,8S)-6-hydroxy-8-methyl-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-9,10-dioxatetracyclo[4.3.1.02,5.03,8]decan-2-yl]methyl benzoate | 23180-57-6 | C23H28O11 |
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—— | [(2R,3R,4S,6S)-6-[(2R,3S,4S,6S)-6-[(2R,3S,4S,6R)-6-[[(3S,5S,8R,9S,10S,13R,14S,16S,17R)-14,16-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-17-(5-oxo-2H-furan-3-yl)-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,15,16,17-tetradecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl]oxy]-4-hydroxy-2-methyloxan-3-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-2-methyloxan-3-yl]oxy-2-methyl-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-4-yl] acetate | 17575-21-2 | C49H76O20 |
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—— | (2R,3S,4R,5S,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(2S)-6-methyl-2-[(3S,5R,6S,8R,9R,10R,12R,13R,14R,17S)-3,6,12-trihydroxy-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-2,3,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl]hept-5-en-2-yl]oxyoxane-3,4,5-triol | 53963-43-2 | C36H62O9 |
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—— | (2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[[(3S,6R,8R,10R,12S,14S,17S)-3,12-dihydroxy-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-17-[(2Z)-6-methylhepta-2,5-dien-2-yl]-2,3,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-6-yl]oxy]-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy-6-methyloxane-3,4,5-triol | 126223-28-7 | C42H70O12 |
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—— | Aconitane-3,8,13,14,15-pentol, 4-(methoxymethyl)-20-methyl-1,6,16-trimethoxy-, 14-benzoate, (1-alpha,3-alpha,6-alpha,14-alpha,15-alpha,16-beta)- | 63238-67-5 | C31H43NO10 |
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—— | (1S)-5,10-dimethyl-8,14,16-trioxatetracyclo[10.2.2.01,13.07,11]hexadeca-4,7(11),9-trien-15-one | 13476-25-0 | C15H16O4 |
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—— | [6-[[3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl)oxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl] (4aS,6aR,6bR,9R,12aR)-8,10,11-trihydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydro-1H-picene-4a-carboxylate | 34540-22-2 | C48H78O20 |
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—— | Linderane (Standard) | 13476-25-0 | C15H16O4 |
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—— | [6-[[3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl)oxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl] (4aS,6aS,6bR,9R,12aR)-10,11-dihydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydro-1H-picene-4a-carboxylate | 16830-15-2 | C48H78O19 |
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—— | Atractyloside (potassium salt) | 102130-43-8 | C30H44K2O16S2 |
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—— | (8R,10R,14R)-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-17-[(2R)-2,6,6-trimethyloxan-2-yl]-2,3,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,12-diol | 19666-76-3 | C30H52O3 |
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—— | [(1R,2S,8R,12S,16R)-14-ethyl-2-hydroxy-4,6,19-trimethoxy-16-methyl-9,11-dioxa-14-azaheptacyclo[10.7.2.12,5.01,13.03,8.08,12.016,20]docosan-21-yl] acetate | 6836-11-9 | C27H41NO8 |
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—— | methyl 2-[(1R,2S,9R,10S,11R,15R)-6-(furan-3-yl)-7,9,11,15-tetramethyl-12,16-dioxo-3,17-dioxapentacyclo[9.6.1.02,9.04,8.015,18]octadeca-7,13-dien-10-yl]acetate | 25990-37-8 | C27H30O7 |
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—— | (1S,4aS,5S,7S,7aR)-1,4a,5,6,7,7a-Hexahydro-4a,5,7-trihydroxy-7-methylcyclopenta[c]pyran-1-yl beta-D-glucopyranoside | 6926-08-5 | C15H24O10 |
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—— | 2-[2-[2-[6-[(6R,9S,13S)-3,15-dihydroxy-5',7,9,13-tetramethylspiro[5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icosane-6,2'-oxane]-16-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl)oxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol | 11024-24-1 | C56H92O29 |
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—— | Cimiracemoside D | 290821-39-5 | C37H58O11 |
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—— | potassium;[(E)-[2-phenyl-1-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]sulfanylethylidene]amino] sulfate | 5115-71-9 | C14H18KNO9S2 |
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—— | astragaloside VI | 84687-45-6 | C47H78O19 |
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—— | Congmunoside V | 340963-86-2 | C54H88O23 |
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—— | [(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl] (6aR,8aR,9R,10S,12aR,14bS)-10-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3,4-bis[[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy]oxan-2-yl]oxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylate | 340982-22-1 | C54H88O24 |
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—— | calycosin-7-glucoside | 20633-67-4 | C22H22O10 |
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—— | (2R,3S,4R,5S)-2-methyl-6-[(2R,4S,5R,6R)-2-methyl-6-[(1S,2S,5'R,6R,7S,8R,9S,12S,13R)-5',7,9,13-tetramethylspiro[5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icos-18-ene-6,2'-oxane]-16-yl]oxy-5-[(3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]oxyoxane-3,4,5-triol | 76296-74-7 | C51H82O20 |
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—— | 7,3'-Di-O-glucosylluteolin | 52187-80-1 | C27H30O16 |
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—— | Anthocyanidin, Malvidin-3-glucoside-chloride | 7228-78-6 | C23H25O12*Cl |
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—— | 1H,3H-Furo(3,4-C)furan, 1alpha-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3abeta,4,6,6abeta-tetrahydro-4beta-((3,4-methylenedioxy)phenyl)- | 31008-19-2 | C21H24O6 |
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—— | 3,5-Dihydroxy-2-(3-methylbutanoyl)-4,6,6-tris(3-methylbut-2-enyl)cyclohexa-2,4-dien-1-one;4,8-dimethylbicyclo[7.2.0]undeca-1,4,8-triene;3,5,6-trihydroxy-4,6-bis(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-2-(4-methylpent-1-en-2-yl)cyclohexa-2,4-dien-1-one | 8060-28-4 | C61H88O8 |
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—— | 3-Deoxyaconitine | 3175-95-9 | C34H47NO10 |
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