When administered to humans, dogs, or rabbits, /trimethylamine/ is partly degraded to ammonia and subsequently to urea, and oxidized to trimethylamine oxide.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
代谢
使用鸡的肾门静脉注射Sperber技术,研究了活体内肾小管对三甲基胺(TMA)的转运和肾代谢。当以1 x 10(-9) mol/min的速率注射14C-TMA时,转运效率(TE),即相对于同时注射的帕米诺马尿酸的(14)C标记物的肾小管排泄,为0.70。不断增加未标记的TMA,直至注射速率为1 x 10(-5) mol/min,导致(14)C标记物的TE逐渐下降。鉴定尿液中排出的(14)C标记物发现,大约85%的注射的(14)C-TMA被注射的肾脏以单一代谢物形式在整个注射范围内排泄。通过使用低压电泳、高压电泳迁移率-pH分析和气相色谱/质谱技术,发现肾代谢物与标准的(14)C-三甲基胺氧化物(TMAO)相同。当TMA注射速率为1.5 x 10(-6) mol/kg/min到达注射的肾脏时,肾脏形成和排泄TMAO的速率为0.12 x 10(-6) mol每克肾脏每分钟。当(14)C-TMAO被注射到鸡体内时,其TE为0.11,这不是主动排泄转运的证据。注射的TMA几乎完全转化为其N-氧化物,TMAO,然后进入尿液。在注射(14)C-TMA期间,肾小管对(14)C的排泄被转运的阳离子阻断剂奎宁和阴离子阻断剂丙磺舒抑制。
The Sperber technique of infusion into the renal portal circulation in chickens was used to investigate in vivo the renal tubular transport and renal metabolism of trimethylamine (TMA). When 14C-TMA was infused at a rate of 1 x 10(-9) mol/min the transport efficiency (TE), that is, the tubular excretion of the (14)C-label relative to excretion of simultaneously infused paminohippuric acid, was 0.70. Progressive addition of unlabeled TMA up to infusion rates of 1 x 10(-5) mol/min produced a progressive fall in the TE of the (14)C-label. Identification of the (14)C-label excreted in the urine revealed that approximately 85% of the infused (14)C-TMA was excreted by the infused kidney as a single metabolite over the entire range of infusions. By use of the techniques of low-voltage electrophoresis, high-voltage electrophoretic mobility-pH profile, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, the renal metabolite was found to be identical with standard (14)C-trimethylamine oxide (TMAO). At a TMA infusion rate of 1.5 x 10(-6) mol/kg/min reaching the infused kidney, the rate at which TMAO was formed and excreted by the kidney was 0.12 x 10(-6) mol per g of kidney per min. When (14)C-TMAO was infused into chickens its TE was 0.11, which was not evidence for active excretory transport. Infused TMA was almost entirely metabolized in vivo to its N-oxide, TMAO, which then entered the urine. The renal tubular excretion of (14)C during infusion of (14)C-TMA was inhibited by the cationic blocker of transport, quinine, and by the anionic blocker of transport, probenecid.
Humans ingest substantial amounts of choline and lecithin as part of common foods. Physicians have recently begun administering large doses of these compounds to individuals with neurological diseases. A significant fraction of ingested choline is destroyed by enzymes within gut bacteria, forming trimethylamine (TMA), dimethylamine (DMA) and monomethylamine (MMA). Some of these methylamines are eventually excreted into the urine, presumably after being absorbed and carried to the kidneys via the bloodstream. The methylamines formed after choline is eaten could be substrates for the formation of nitrosamines, which have marked carcinogenic activity. Twenty-seven millimoles of choline chloride, choline stearate or lecithin were administered to healthy human subjects. It was found that these treatments markedly increased the urinary excretion of TMA, DMA and MMA, with choline chloride having the greatest effect. Rats were treated with 2 mmol/kg b.wt. of choline chloride or lecithin, and it was found that these treatments significantly increased urinary TMA excretion and did not alter DMA or MMA excretion. Our choline chloride preparation contained no MMA, DMA or TMA; however, it was found that our choline stearate and all the commercially available lecithins tested were contaminated with methylamines. Prior removal of methylamines from our lecithin preparation minimized the effect of oral administration of this compound on methylamine excretion in urine of rats and humans.
Flavin-containing monooxygenase form 3 (FMO3) is one of the major enzyme systems that protect humans from the potentially toxic properties of drugs and chemicals. Flavin-containing monooxygenase form 3 converts nucleophilic heteroatom-containing chemicals and endogenous materials to polar metabolites, which facilitates their elimination. For example, the tertiary amine trimethylamine is N-oxygenated by human flavin-containing monooxygenase form 3 to trimethylamine N-oxide, and trimethylamine N-oxide is excreted in a detoxication and deoderation process. In normal humans, virtually all trimethylamine is metabolized to trimethylamine N-oxide. In a few humans, trimethylamine is not efficiently metabolized to trimethylamine N-oxide, and those individuals suffer from trimethylaminuria, or fishlike odor syndrome. Previously ... mutations of the flavin-containing monooxygenase form 3 gene that cause trimethylaminuria /were identified/. /The authors/ report two prevalent polymorphisms of this gene (K158E and V257M) that modulate the activity of human monooxygenase form 3.
Uremic toxins tend to accumulate in the blood either through dietary excess or through poor filtration by the kidneys. Most uremic toxins are metabolic waste products and are normally excreted in the urine or feces.
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Trimethylamine (TMA) is a colorless gas. It is used in the manufacture of quaternary ammonium compounds, as an insect attractant, as a warning agent for natural gas, and as a corrosion inhibitor. It is also a synthetic flavor ingredient. HUMAN STUDIES: Potential symptoms of overexposure to TMA are irritation of the eyes, skin, nose, throat, and respiratory system, as well as cough, dyspnea, delayed pulmonary edema, blurred vision, corneal necrosis, and skin burns. Direct contact with liquid may cause frostbite. Trimethylaminuria or 'fish odor syndrome' described in human patients is due to excessive excretion into body fluids and breath of TMA derived from the enterobacterial metabolism of dietary precursors. Comparison of the effects of administration of antibiotics (metronidazole, amoxicillin, neomycin) on gut bacterial production of TMA from choline showed they all reduced TMA production to a limited extent, with neomycin being most effective. ANIMAL STUDIES: Tests of single drops of aqueous solution applied to animal eyes have shown that 1% solution causes severe irritation, 5% causes hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, and 16.5% causes a severe reaction with conjunctival hemorrhages, corneal edema, and opacities, followed by some clearing but much vascularization. TMA is an emetic in dogs at an oral dose of 1000 mg/kg. At the same oral dose, TMA induced emesis and produced anorexia, paralysis, and death in pigs within 48 hours. In a repeated inhalation exposure study, groups of rats were exposed 6 hr/day, 5 days/week for 2 weeks at 0, 75, 250, or 750 ppm TMA vapor. After 10 exposures, histopathologic examination revealed concentration-dependent degenerative changes in the nasal olfactory and respiratory mucosa at all exposure levels. A similar degeneration of the tracheal mucosa was observed at 250 and 750 ppm. In mice, intraperitoneal injections (daily from day 1 to 17 of gestation) of TMA at 2.5 and 5 mmol/kg/day significantly decreased fetal body weight but not the placental weight or maternal body weight gain, however, 5 of 11 mice treated with 5 mmol/kg TMA died. TMA was tested in as many as 5 Salmonella typhimurium strains (TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 97, TA 98, and TA 100) in the presence and absence of metabolic activation. TMA was negative in these tests at doses of 0.010, 0.033, 0.10, 0.33 and 1.0 mg/plate. The highest ineffective dose tested in any S. typhimurium strain was 1.000 mg/plate. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: TMA caused inhibition to nitrifiers. Inhibition tests were conducted by using the oxygen utilization rate test with an enhanced nitrifier culture.
Uremic toxins such as trimethylamine are actively transported into the kidneys via organic ion transporters (especially OAT3). Increased levels of uremic toxins can stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species. This seems to be mediated by the direct binding or inhibition by uremic toxins of the enzyme NADPH oxidase (especially NOX4 which is abundant in the kidneys and heart) (A7868). Reactive oxygen species can induce several different DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) which are involved in the silencing of a protein known as KLOTHO. KLOTHO has been identified as having important roles in anti-aging, mineral metabolism, and vitamin D metabolism. A number of studies have indicated that KLOTHO mRNA and protein levels are reduced during acute or chronic kidney diseases in response to high local levels of reactive oxygen species (A7869).
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类不具有致癌性(未被国际癌症研究机构IARC列名)。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
健康影响
长期暴露于尿毒症毒素可能会导致多种疾病,包括肾脏损伤、慢性肾病和心血管疾病。
Chronic exposure to uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease.
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
暴露途径
该物质可以通过吸入被身体吸收。
The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.
来源:ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
The absorption, distribution, and biotransformation of TMA ... /was/ followed in rats given intravenous doses of 1 to 2 g/kg. TMA was rapidly distributed to tissues, especially the liver. In rats, TMA was 81% available after oral administration, reached a peak blood level 1 hour after oral administration, and was cleared with a half-life of 2 to 2.5 hours. When fed a synthetic diet, clearance showed a two-fold reduction. Conversion of TMA to its metabolite, trimethylamine-N-oxide, proceeded slowly in liver homogenates. In humans, TMA is formed in the intestinal tract from dietary choline. Large doses of choline result in disproportionately higher formation and urinary excretion of TMA. In newborn dairy calves, fecal trimethylamine levels are clearly higher in milk-fed calves and show huge elevations in diarrheic cases. Although fish is a major source of TMA in the diet, strawberries, kale juice, and garlic have been shown to increase urinary TMA levels.
TMA penetrated both rat and human skin readily when applied to the epidermal surface with flux rates ranging from 3.4 to 265 ug/sq cm/hour in rats and from 0.98 to 92.7 ug/sq cm/hour in humans with dose applications of 0.1, 1, and 10 mg per 0.32 sq cm skin membrane. Both rat and human skin could act as a reservoir and evidence exists for small but detectable N-oxide forming during passage through the skin.
... About 50% of the dose of trimethylamine hydrochloride (administered orally to dogs) was eliminated unchanged together with traces of dimethylamine, suggesting that trimethylamine was N-dealkylated.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
它可以通过皮肤和/或眼睛接触、吸入以及摄入(溶液)被吸收。
It can be absorped through the skin and/or eye contact, inhalation, and ingestion (solution).
CASITAS B-LINEAGE LYMPHOMA PROTOONCOGENE B (CBL-B) DEGRADING COMPOUNDS AND ASSOCIATED METHODS OF USE
摘要:
Provided herein are compounds of formula (I) and salts and compositions thereof which find utility as modulators of Cbl-b in the treatment of various forms of cancer.
We report that a dicyanyl derivative QN2 containing quaternary ammonium was capable of identifying apoptotic cells by targeting nucleic acid (DNA and RNA).
我们报告称,含有季铵盐的二氰基衍生物QN2能够通过靶向核酸(DNA和RNA)识别凋亡细胞。
[EN] A CONJUGATE OF A TUBULYSIN ANALOG WITH BRANCHED LINKERS<br/>[FR] CONJUGUÉ D'UN ANALOGUE DE TUBULYSINE AVEC DES LIEURS RAMIFIÉS
申请人:HANGZHOU DAC BIOTECH CO LTD
公开号:WO2019127607A1
公开(公告)日:2019-07-04
The present invention relates to the conjugation of a tubulysin analog compound to a cell-binding molecule with branched/side-chain linkers for having better delivery of the conjugate compound and targeted treatment of abnormal cells. It also relates to a branched-linkage method of conjugation of a tubulysin analog molecule to a cell-binding ligand, as well as methods of using the conjugate in targeted treatment of cancer, infection and autoimmune disease.
[EN] CONJUGATION LINKERS CONTAINING 2,3-DIAMINOSUCCINYL GROUP<br/>[FR] LIEURS DE CONJUGAISON CONTENANT UN GROUPE 2,3-DIAMINOSUCCINYLE
申请人:HANGZHOU DAC BIOTECH CO LTD
公开号:WO2020073345A1
公开(公告)日:2020-04-16
Provided is a conjugate of a cytotoxic drug/molecule to a cell-binding molecule with a bis-linker (adual-linker) containing a 2, 3-diaminosuccinyl group. It also relates to preparation of the conjugate of a cytotoxic drug/molecule to a cell-binding molecule with the bis-linker, particularly when the drug having functional groups of amino, hydroxyl, diamino, amino-hydroxyl, dihydroxyl, carboxyl, hydrazine, aldehyde and thiol for conjugation with the bis-linker in a specific manner, as well as the therapeutic use of the conjugates.
Mono- and dicationic short PEG and methylene dioxyalkylglycerols for use in synthetic gene delivery systems
作者:Christopher A. Hurley、John B. Wong、Jimmy Ho、Michele Writer、Scott A. Irvine、M. Jayne Lawrence、Stephen L. Hart、Alethea B. Tabor、Helen C. Hailes
DOI:10.1039/b719702k
日期:——
A range of monocationic and dicationic dioxyalkylglycerol cytofectins have been synthesised possessing methylene and short n-ethylene glycol spacers. The monocationic compounds were found to be effective in transfections when formulated as lipopolyplexes with peptide and DNA components, in particular with shorter PEG head groups which may have less effect on peptide targeting in the ternary complex.
Diamine Compound Having Phosphorylcholine Group, Polymer Thereof, and Process for Producing the Polymer
申请人:Nagase Yu
公开号:US20100036081A1
公开(公告)日:2010-02-11
Highly polymerizable diamine compounds having a phosphorylcholine group are disclosed. High-molecular weight polymers are obtained from the highly polymerizable diamine compound having a phosphorylcholine group as a monomer, and the polymers have improved mechanical strength, water resistance and heat resistance while maintaining excellent biocompatibility and processability of MPC polymers. Processes for producing the polymers are disclosed. The diamine compounds having a phosphorylcholine group are represented by Formula (I). The polymers contain at least 1 mol % of a specific structural unit with a phosphorylcholine group represented by Formula (II) and have a number average molecular weight of not less than 5,000. In the processes, the diamine compound is used as a monomer.