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氮 | 13966-04-6

中文名称
中文别名
液氮;氮气
英文名称
nitrogen
英文别名
dinitrogen;N2;nitrogen||N2;nirogen;molecular nitrogen
氮化学式
CAS
13966-04-6;7727-37-9;154680-01-0
化学式
N2
mdl
——
分子量
28.0134
InChiKey
IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
BEILSTEIN
——
EINECS
——
  • 物化性质
  • 计算性质
  • ADMET
  • 安全信息
  • SDS
  • 制备方法与用途
  • 上下游信息
  • 反应信息
  • 文献信息
  • 表征谱图
  • 同类化合物
  • 相关功能分类
  • 相关结构分类

物化性质

  • 熔点:
    −210 °C(lit.)
  • 沸点:
    −196 °C(lit.)
  • 密度:
    1.2506
  • 蒸气密度:
    0.97 (vs air)
  • 溶解度:
    在 20 °C 和 101 kPa 压力下,1 体积的乙醇可溶解约 62 体积的水和约 10 体积的乙醇(96%)。
  • 介电常数:
    1.0(20℃)
  • 物理描述:
    Nitrogen appears as a colorless odorless gas. Noncombustible and nontoxic. Makes up the major portion of the atmosphere, but will not support life by itself. Used in food processing, in purging air conditioning and refrigeration systems, and in pressurizing aircraft tires. May cause asphyxiation by displacement of air. Under prolonged exposure to fire or heat containers may rupture violently and rocket.
  • 颜色/状态:
    Colorless liquid at -196 °C
  • 气味:
    Odorless gas
  • 味道:
    Tasteless
  • 蒸汽密度:
    0.96737 (Air = 1.00)
  • 蒸汽压力:
    -236 °C at 1Pa (solid); -232 °C at 10Pa (solid); -226.8 °C at 100Pa (solid); -220.2 °C at 1kPa (solid); -211.1 °C at 10kPa (solid); -195.9 °C at 100kPa (N2)
  • 稳定性/保质期:

    Incombustible and unreactive.

  • 粘度:
    7.0 at 100 K; 12.0 at 200 K; 17.9 at 300 K; 22.2 at 400 K; 26.1 at 500 K; 29.6 at 600 K (all in uPa.s; N2)
  • 汽化热:
    Enthalpy of vaporization: 5.57 kJ/mol at -195.79 °C
  • 表面张力:
    6.6 dynes/cm at -183 °C; 8.27 dynes/cm at -193 °C; 10.53 dynes/cm at -203 °C
  • 折光率:
    Refractive index, gas 101.325 kPa n(d) at 25 °C 1.0002732

计算性质

  • 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP):
    0.1
  • 重原子数:
    2
  • 可旋转键数:
    0
  • 环数:
    0.0
  • sp3杂化的碳原子比例:
    0.0
  • 拓扑面积:
    47.6
  • 氢给体数:
    0
  • 氢受体数:
    2

ADMET

代谢
仅供本地使用。
For local use only.
来源:DrugBank
毒理性
  • 毒性总结
氮气是一种无色、无味、无臭的气体,可以凝结成白色液体。目前在美国,氮气没有注册为农药使用,但批准的农药用途可能会定期更改,因此必须咨询联邦、州和地方当局以获取当前批准的用途。氮气用于制造硝酸硝酸盐化物等;在制造爆炸物中;在填充高温温度计、白炽灯中;形成一种惰性气氛以保存材料;作为制药辅助(空气置换);并用于干燥箱或手套袋中。液态氮用于食品冷冻过程;并在实验室中作为冷却剂。氮气被石油工业用于在油井中建立高压以迫使原油上升,并用于力压裂。人类暴露和毒性:氮气是一种惰性物质,在大气中以78.1%的平存在。它不会表现出直接的有毒理学效应,并且没有毒理学特征。它通过简单的窒息作用。如果氮气的平增加,这将导致氧气平降至低于正常大气平的20.8%。氮气具有直接的毒性作用,影响大脑功能并诱导昏迷或欣快感。氮气引起的 CNS 抑郁("深度的狂喜"或"马提尼效应")是由于高氮气压对神经传导的直接毒性作用,并产生类似于酒精中毒的效果。复杂推理、决策能力、运动功能和手工灵巧降低。个体对此反应的差异很大,但通常可以在超过100英尺(30米)深度的潜员中注意到。例如,某些个体在深度小于或等于130英尺时没有感觉,而其他个体在大约80英尺时就有一些感觉。然而,随着深度的增加,CNS 抑郁作用也随之增加,因此每增加50英尺就会产生"另一杯马提尼"的效果。接触液态氮可能导致冻伤和严重皮肤烧伤。从深海潜浮出面时,减压病可能由于体内组织释放氮气而引发。减压病归因于气体的形成,主要是氮气,在压力迅速释放的组织中。动物研究:在异基因 OF1 小鼠中,对年轻成年雄性和雌性进行了急性氮气常压缺氧挑战,存活率约为50%。在恒定的 pO2 为 42 torr 的情况下,50% 存活所需的时间为 20 分钟,当 pO2 通过氮气冲洗从 159 降低到 16.5 torr 时,存活时间为 151 分钟。在对同步动物的研究中,与黑暗阶段相比,在光照阶段进行缺氧时的存活率显著降低(p > 0.001)。将环境温度从 33.8 降低到 13.2°C 增加了获得 50% 小鼠存活所需的渐进性缺氧的长度,并将最终 pO2 从 35 降低到 12 torr。群居和拥挤都降低了缺氧存活率。饥饿减少了小鼠对缺氧的抗性,而一氧化碳吸入或氰化钠注射则产生相反的效果。在所有这些变化中,OF1 雌性比雄性更具抗性。这些变化大多可以与呼吸交换、运动活动和侵略性的差异相关,这些都取决于各种实验环境参数。另一项关于小鼠的研究发现,兴奋阈值压力随着氮气浓度的增加而降低;粗颤动发作的延迟与存在的氮气量成比例,在 60 atm/hour 的压缩中与在 1000 atm/hour 的压缩中具有相同的相对效力;高气压神经综合征的惊厥阈值压力随着氮气量的增加而增加。生态毒性研究:氮气是植物生长和发育的必需营养素,但在最常见的大气氮气形式中不可用。植物依赖于结合或固定的氮气形式,如硝酸盐。其中大部分氮气以工业生产的氮肥形式提供给种植系统。使用这些肥料导致了全球性的生态问题,如沿海死亡区的形成。另一方面,生物固氮为植物提供氮气提供了一种自然方式。它是我们生物圈中许多生和陆地生态系统的重要组成部分。
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Nitrogen is an odorless, colorless, and tasteless gas that can be condensed into a white liquid. Nitrogen is not registered for current pesticide use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses. It is used in manufacturing of ammonia, nitric acid, nitrates, cyanides, etc; in manufacturing explosives; in filling high-temperature thermometers, incandescent bulbs; to form an inert atmosphere for preservation of materials; as a pharmaceutic aid (air displacement); and for use in dry boxes or glove bags. Liquid nitrogen is used in food-freezing processes; and in the laboratory as a coolant. Nitrogen is used by oil industry to build up great pressures in wells to force crube oil upward, and in hydraulic fracturing. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Nitrogen gas is an inert substance and is present in the atmosphere at a level of 78.1%. It does not exhibit a direct toxicological effect and has no toxicological profile. It acts by simple asphyxia. If the level of nitrogen increases, this will lead to a reduction in the level of oxygen to below normal atmospheric levels of 20.8%. Nitrogen has a direct toxic action of its own, affecting brain functions and inducing a stupor or euphoria. Nitrogen induced CNS depression ("rapture of the deep" or "the martini effect") results from a direct toxic effect of high nitrogen pressure on nerve conduction and produces effects similar to alcohol intoxication. Complex reasoning, decision-making ability, motor function, and manual dexterity decrease. Individuals vary in this response widely, but it typically can be noticed among divers at depths exceeding 100 ft (30 m). For example, certain individuals experience no effect at depths of < or = 130 ft, whereas others feel some effect at around 80 ft. Nonetheless, the CNS depressant effect increases with increasing depth so that each additional 50 ft incrementally produces the effect of "another martini". Contact with liquid nitrogen may cause frostbite and severe skin burns. On resurfacing from deep sea diving, decompression sickness can arise from the subsequent release of nitrogen from body tissues. Decompression sickness is attributed to the formation of gas bubbles, mainly nitrogen, in tissues with the rapid release of pressure. ANIMAL STUDIES: Acute nitrogen normobaric hypoxic challenges resulting in an approximate 50% survival, was performed in young adult male and female heterozygous OF1 mice under various environmental conditions. The time required for 50% survival was 20 minutes for a constant pO2 of 42 torr, and 151 minutes when pO2 was progressively lowered by nitrogen flushing from 159 to 16.5 torr. In synchronized animals, survival was significantly (p > 0.001) less when hypoxia was performed during the light phase than during the dark phase. Lowering the ambient temperature from 33.8 to 13.2 °C increased the length of the progressive hypoxia necessary to obtain a 50% survival of the mice and diminished the final pO2 from 35 to 12 torr. Grouping and crowding both decreased the hypoxic survival. Starvation diminished hypoxic resistance of mice, while carbon monoxide inhalation, or sodium cyanide injection had the opposite effect. In all these variations, OF1 females were more resistant than males. Most of these variations can be related to differences in respiratory exchanges, locomotor activity, and aggressiveness, which are dependent upon the various experimental environmental parameters. Another study in mice, found that excitement threshold pressures decrease with increased concentration of nitrogen; coarse tremor onset is delayed in direct proportion to the amount of nitrogen present with the same relative potency in compression at 60 atm/hr as at 1000 atm/hr; and threshold pressure of convulsion from high pressure neurological syndrome increases with increased amount of nitrogen. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for plant growth and development but is unavailable in its most prevalent form as atmospheric nitrogen. Plants instead depend upon combined, or fixed, forms of nitrogen, such as ammonia and nitrate. Much of this nitrogen is provided to cropping systems in the form of industrially produced nitrogen fertilizers. Use of these fertilizers has led to worldwide, ecological problems, such as the formation of coastal dead zones. Biological nitrogen fixation, on the other hand, offers a natural means of providing nitrogen for plants. It is a critical component of many aquatic, as well as terrestrial ecosystems across our biosphere.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
  • 在妊娠和哺乳期间的影响
母乳喂养期间使用概要:目前没有关于在母乳喂养期间将液氮用于皮肤的 临床使用信息。由于液氮是一种非有毒气体,不太可能出现在母乳中或被婴儿吸收,因此在母乳喂养期间使用被认为是安全的。不需要特别的预防措施。 ◉ 对哺乳婴儿的影响:截至修订日期,未找到相关的已发布信息。 ◉ 对泌乳和母乳的影响:截至修订日期,未找到相关的已发布信息。
◉ Summary of Use during Lactation:No information is available on the clinical use of liquid nitrogen on the skin during breastfeeding. Because it is a nontoxic gas that is unlikely to appear in breastmilk or be absorbed by the infant, it is considered safe to use during breastfeeding. No special precautions are required. ◉ Effects in Breastfed Infants:Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date. ◉ Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk:Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.
来源:Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed)
毒理性
  • 暴露途径
这种物质可以通过吸入被身体吸收。
The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.
来源:ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
毒理性
  • 暴露途径
这种物质可以通过吸入被身体吸收。
The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.
来源:ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
毒理性
  • 吸入症状
失去意识。虚弱。窒息。
Unconsciousness. Weakness. Suffocation.
来源:ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
吸收、分配和排泄
  • 吸收
仅供局部使用,无系统性吸收。
For local use only, no systemic absorption.
来源:DrugBank
吸收、分配和排泄
  • 消除途径
仅供本地使用。
For local use only.
来源:DrugBank
吸收、分配和排泄
  • 分布容积
仅供本地使用。
For local use only.
来源:DrugBank
吸收、分配和排泄
  • 清除
仅供本地使用。
For local use only.
来源:DrugBank
吸收、分配和排泄
氮的主要暴露途径是通过吸入途径。吸入和呼出的人体呼吸之间的氮浓度没有显著差异。此外,氮在中的溶解性也很低。因此,被人体吸收的氮量微不足道。
The principal route of exposure to nitrogen is via the inhalation route. The concentration of nitrogen between inhaled and exhaled human breath is not significantly different. Also, nitrogen is only sparingly soluble in water. Therefore an insignificant amount of nitrogen is absorbed into the human body.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

安全信息

  • 危险等级:
    2.2

制备方法与用途

氮元素简介

氮:符号N。属于周期表第15组(主族VB)的无色气体元素,约占空气体积的78%。它在生物体中是蛋白质和核酸的重要组成部分,也是植物生长的关键养分之一。

物理性质与化学特性
  • 物理状态:常温下为无色、无味、无臭气体。
  • 溶解性:能溶解于,微溶于醇。
  • 毒性:氮气本身是无毒的。但在高浓度下可引起窒息。
分离制备 获取方法

氮气通过空气分离技术获得,通常采用液化空气精馏工艺实现大规模生产。过程包括清除灰尘和杂质、压缩空气去除二氧化碳并干燥,最终进行液化和精馏以分离出氧气和氮气。

储存与运输
  • 储存:氮气储存在专用的氮气柜中;液态氮存放在贮槽内。
  • 运输:高压氮气瓶用于包装和运输。
用途 生产应用
  • 在工业上作为保护气体,广泛应用于属处理、焊接和电子元件制造等领域。
  • 用于食品冷冻和储存,以及实验室冷却剂等。
  • 还可用于制造硝酸及其它含氮化合物
安全注意事项
  • 氮气在高纯度时是窒息性的,大量吸入可能导致缺氧。
  • 在操作过程中必须保证通风良好,佩戴防护装备,避免泄漏和过量积聚。
食品添加剂

应用范围:食品工业中作为加工助剂使用。具体使用须符合相关法律法规要求,并在规定条件下处理干净以确保残留量不超标。

以上信息涵盖了氮元素的基本性质、获取方法及其广泛的应用场景与注意事项。

上下游信息

  • 上游原料
    中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 分子量
  • 下游产品
    中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 分子量

反应信息

  • 作为反应物:
    描述:
    在 lighting gas 作用下, 生成 氢氰酸
    参考文献:
    名称:
    Briner, E.; Hoefer, H., Helvetica Chimica Acta, 1941, vol. 24, p. 1006 - 1010
    摘要:
    DOI:
  • 作为产物:
    描述:
    氧化亚氮cobalt(II,III) oxide Ag promoted Co3O4 作用下, 以 gas 为溶剂, 生成
    参考文献:
    名称:
    Silver-promoted Cobalt Oxide Catalysts for Direct Decomposition of Nitrogen Monoxide
    摘要:
    作为催化剂添加剂的银在改善氧化钴对773 K以下的氮氧化物分解催化活性方面表现出卓越的效果。通过使用Ag-Co氧化催化剂,氧气的反应抑制得到了极大的缓解。
    DOI:
    10.1246/cl.1990.1069
  • 作为试剂:
    描述:
    tert-butyl N-[(1S)-2-(1,3-dihydroisoindol-2-yl)-2-oxo-1-[4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexyl]ethyl]carbamate 在 三氟乙酸 作用下, 生成 Inducer of cell death-2
    参考文献:
    名称:
    CYCLOHEXYLGYCINE DERIVATIVES AS SELECTIVE CYTOTOXIC AGENTS
    摘要:
    The present disclosure is directed to cyclohexylglycine derivatives of Formula I and their use as HIV-infected cell kill agents which accelerate the death of HIV GAG-POL expressing cells without concomitant cytotoxicity to HIV naïve cells.
    公开号:
    US20240252466A1
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文献信息

  • Preparation, Characterization, and Reactivity of Dinitrogen Molybdenum Complexes with Bis(diphenylphosphino)amine Derivative Ligands that Form a Unique 4-Membered P–N–P Chelate Ring
    作者:Takahiko Ogawa、Yuji Kajita、Yuko Wasada-Tsutsui、Hiroaki Wasada、Hideki Masuda
    DOI:10.1021/ic301577a
    日期:2013.1.7
    revealed that the competition between the back-donation from metal to dinitrogen and that from metal to ligand was affected by P–N–P bite angle and the dihedral angle of N-substituent of ligand. In order to examine the reactivity with respect to conversion of dinitrogen to ammonia, protonation and trimethylsilylation reactions of the coordinated dinitrogens were carried out for 2R.
    五个带有双(二苯基膦基)胺衍生物配体(L R)的二氮杂配合物,形成一个独特的4元PN螯合环,反-[Mo(N 2)2(L R)2 ](2 R:R = PH,XY,p -MeOPh,3,5-我2 PH,我PR),共进行结合一氧化二分子的目的而制备。相应的两种二化物-络合物,反式-[MoCl 2(L R)2 ](1 R:R = Ph,Xy),也准备作为比较。测量了2 R的FT-IR光谱,并比较了ν(N≡N)值。此外,确定1 R(R = Ph,Xy)和2 R(R = Xy,3,5- i Pr 2)的X射线晶体结构Ph)被执行。这些实验结果表明配位的二氮分子容易受到二膦配体的N-取代基的影响。另外,为了研究二膦配体的性质对二氮配合物的影响,我们进行了DFT计算,重点是N取代基的差异,P–N–P平面与N取代基芳基之间的二面角,以及P–N–P咬合角度。该计算表明,属向二氮的反向捐赠与
  • [EN] IRON AND COBALT CATALYZED HYDROGEN ISOTOPE LABELING OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS<br/>[FR] MARQUAGE ISOTOPIQUE D'HYDROGÈNE, CATALYSÉ PAR LE FER ET LE COBALT, DE COMPOSÉS ORGANIQUES
    申请人:UNIV PRINCETON
    公开号:WO2016019038A1
    公开(公告)日:2016-02-04
    Methods of isotopic labeling are described herein. For example, a method of isotopically labeling an organic compound, in some embodiments, comprises providing a reaction mixture including the organic compound, an iron complex or a cobalt complex and a source of deuterium or tritium. The organic compound is labeled with deuterium or tritium in the presence of the iron complex or cobalt complex or derivative of the iron complex or cobalt complex.
    本文描述了同位素标记的方法。例如,在某些实施例中,同位素标记有机化合物的方法包括提供包括有机化合物、配合物或配合物以及或氚源的反应混合物。在配合物或配合物或其衍生物的存在下,有机化合物被或氚标记。
  • Mechanistic Interrogation of Alkyne Hydroarylations Catalyzed by Highly Reduced, Single-Component Cobalt Complexes
    作者:Benjamin A. Suslick、T. Don Tilley
    DOI:10.1021/jacs.0c04072
    日期:2020.6.24
    complexes. Studies of the stoichiometric reaction of Co(I) or Co(II) precursors with CyMgCl implicated catalyst initiation via a β-H elimination/deprotonation pathway. The resulting single-component Co(-I) complex is proposed as the direct precatalyst. Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetic studies provide mechanistic details regarding the catalytic dependence on substrate. The (N-aryl)aryl ethanimine substrate
    以前曾报道过用于炔烃的邻位加氢芳基化的高反应性催化剂是由格氏试剂活化 CoBr2 引起的,但活性物种的操作机制和身份尚未确定。使用可分离的还原 Co 配合物对相关系统进行了机械分析,包括 (N-芳基) 芳基乙胺与二苯乙炔的加氢芳基化。Co(I) 或 Co(II) 前体与 CyMgCl 的化学计量反应的研究涉及通过 β-H 消除/去质子化途径引发的催化剂。由此产生的单组分 Co(-I) 复合物被提议作为直接预催化剂。Michaelis-Menten 酶动力学研究提供了关于对底物的催化依赖性的机制细节。(N-芳基)芳基乙胺底物表现出类似饱和的行为,而炔烃表现出复杂的依赖性;速率抑制和促进取决于炔烃亚胺的相对浓度。芳基 CH 键的活化仅发生在配位炔烃的存在下,这表明协同属化-去质子化 (CMD) 机制的运行。小的初级同位素效应与决定速率的 CH 裂解一致。由相同的 Co(-I) 活性物质催化的非循环烯烃异构化似乎是观察到的
  • The Reactions of NH Radicals with Ethylene and Propene in the Liquid Phase
    作者:Takashi Kitamura、Shigeru Tsunashima、Shin Sato
    DOI:10.1246/bcsj.54.55
    日期:1981.1
    concentration of hydrogen azide in the range of 0.8–8×10−2 mol dm−3. The reaction of NH(a1Δ) radicals with olefin consists of three processes: the addition to double bond, the insertion into the C–H bond, and the deactivation to the 3Σ− state. The branching ratios and the relative rate constants of the reactions of NH(a1Δ) radicals with ethylene, propene, and ethane were estimated.
    在液体乙烯丙烯乙烷的混合物中,在干冰-甲醇的温度下研究了叠氮化氢的光解。观察到的产物是来自乙烯溶液的氮丙啶 (0.18)、 (0.16) 和氮 (1.0) 以及来自丙烯溶液的 2-甲基氮丙啶 (0.33)、烯丙胺 (0.12)、 (0.17) 和氮 (1.0) . 括号中的值表示相对于氮的产量。相对产率在 0.8–8×10-2 mol dm-3 范围内与叠氮化氢的浓度无关。NH(a1Δ)自由基与烯烃的反应包括三个过程:双键的加成、C-H键的插入和3Σ-态的失活。估算了NH(a1Δ)自由基与乙烯丙烯乙烷反应的支化率和相对速率常数。
  • Reactivity of a Titanium Dinitrogen Complex Supported by Guanidinate Ligands:  Investigation of Solution Behavior and a Novel Rearrangement of Guanidinate Ligands
    作者:Sarah M. Mullins、Andrew P. Duncan、Robert G. Bergman、John Arnold
    DOI:10.1021/ic010631+
    日期:2001.12.1
    rotation and racemization reactions were observed. Rearrangement of the guanidinate ligand to an asymmetrical bonding mode utilizing the dimethylamino and amide-nitrogen atoms is observed in the bridging oxo and sulfido derivatives (4 and 5). These compounds are formed by the reactions of 2 with pyridine N-oxide and propylene sulfide, respectively. The ligand rearrangement was observed to be reversible
    二氮配合物[[(Me(2)N)C(N(i)Pr)(2)](2)Ti](2)(N(2))(2)通过还原二化物前体,[(Me(2)N)C(N(i)Pr)(2)](2)TiCl(2)(1)。二氮配合物与叠氮化苯反应生成基配合物[[Me(2)N)C(N(i)Pr)(2)](2)TiNPh(3)。使用可变温度和二维NMR技术研究了化合物1-3中配体的流动行为。观察到配体旋转和消旋反应。在桥联的羰基和代衍生物(4和5)中,利用二甲基基和酰胺氮原子将胍盐配体重排为不对称键合模式。这些化合物分别由2与吡啶N-氧化物和硫化丙烯的反应形成。对于桥连的基络合物5,观察到配体重排是可逆的。该化合物的结构对温度和溶剂敏感。讨论了化合物1-5的固态和溶液结构。
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表征谱图

  • 氢谱
    1HNMR
  • 质谱
    MS
  • 碳谱
    13CNMR
  • 红外
    IR
  • 拉曼
    Raman
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mass
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  • 峰位数据
  • 峰位匹配
  • 表征信息
Shift(ppm)
Intensity
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Assign
Shift(ppm)
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测试频率
样品用量
溶剂
溶剂用量
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