Volatile oil with a disagreeable, sweetish odor. Mp: -68 to -65°C; bp: 32-34°C. Density: 1.38 g cm-3. Is not produced commercially.
颜色/状态:
Colorless oil
气味:
Disagreeable, sweetish odor
沸点:
33.0 °C
溶解度:
Insoluble in water; soluble in ethanol, diethyl ether and acetone
蒸汽密度:
Relative vapor density (air = 1): 3.3
蒸汽压力:
570 mm Hg @ 25 °C /Estimated/
稳定性/保质期:
Fireproof. Separated from strong acids and oxidants. Cool. Well closed. Keep in a well-ventilated room.
分解:
When dichloroacetylene was decomposed in the presence of oxygen, seven substances were found; phosgene, hexachlorobutadiene, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroacetyl chloride, tetrachloroethylene, and trichloroacryloylchloride.
Glutathione conjugation has been shown in rats following inhalation of dichloroacetylene. ...S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)glutathione (DCVG) /was identified/ as a product of the glutathione (GSH)-dependent metabolism of /dichloroacetylene/ (DCA) in vitro and ...N-acetyl-S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (N-Ac-DCVC) /was identified/ as a urinary metabolite of DCA in rats. The product, DCVG, was definitively identified by H-NMR spectrometry (400 MHz), mass spectrometry and UV spectroscopy. N-Ac-DCVC was identified as a urinary metabolite from rats by GC/MS after esterification. Urine (collected for 24 hr) from male rats exposed to 36 n 5 ppm DCA (100 mmol of DCA introduced into the exposure system) for 1 hr contained 10.7 mmol of N-Ac-DCVC as determined by HPLC analysis. Formation of DCVG, renal processing to S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine, and cleavage of this cysteine S-conjugate by cysteine S-conjugate beta-lyase in the kidney and the formation of reactive and mutagenic intermediates may account for DCA nephrotoxicity and nephrocarcinogenicity. N-Ac-CDVC is the end product of DCVG processing by the enzymes of mercapturic acid formation.
Metabolites in the urine were identified as N-acetyl-S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine, dichloroethanol, dichloroacetic acid, oxalic acid, and chloracetic acid /after inhalation exposure of rats/. Only the cysteine conjugate was found in feces. It was formed in the kidneys because only S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl) glutathione was found in the bile. Biliary cannulation did not influence renal excretion of the cysteine conjugate. /From this study, it was concluded that/ ...two metabolic pathways are operative in dichloroacetylene metabolism in vivo. Cytochrome P450-dependent oxidation represents a minor pathway accounting for the formation of 1,1-dichloro compounds after chlorine migration. The major pathway is the biosynthesis of toxic glutathione conjugates. Organ-specific toxicity and carcinogenicity of dichloroethyne (acetylene dichloride) is due most likely to the topographical distribution of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase which is concentrated mainly in the kidney of rats.
The metabolism of inhaled 14(C)dichloroacetylene has been studied in male Wistar rats exposed to 20 or 40 ppm (78 or 156 mg/cu m) atmospheres for 1 hr. During the next 96 hr, elimination of retained (approximately 17%) 20 and 40 ppm doses, respectively, was: urine, 68% and 60%; feces, 28% and 27%. About 3.5% remained in the carcasses. Metabolites of dichloroacetylene that were identified were: N-acetyl-S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)- L-cysteine (62%), dichloroethanol (12%), dichloroacetic acid (9%), oxalic acid (8%) and chloroacetic acid (5%) in urine; and N-acetyl-S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine in faeces. In bile, only S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)glutathione was identified. Biliary cannulation did not influence the renal excretion of N-acetyl-S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine, a result that was interpreted to indicate that glutathione conjugation also occurs in the kidney. The identified metabolites are consistent with the existence of two metabolic pathways: the major pathway involves glutathione conjugation, while a minor pathway is cytochrome P450-dependent oxidation that accounts for the formation of 1,1- dichloro-compounds after chlorine migration.
In vitro studies have demonstrated that glutathione conjugation of dichloroacetylene is predominantly enzymatic and the rate of reaction resulting in the formation of S-(1,2- dichlorovinyl)glutathione is similar for microsomes from rat kidney and liver. However, under different reaction conditions (20-500-fold higher protein concentrations), the rate was highest for microsomes from liver, followed by lung, brain and kidney. The further handling of this metabolite in kidney is not clearly defined, but it is known that gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase and dipeptidases (e.g., in biliary epithelium) can transform S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)glutathione to S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)- L-cysteine, which can then be acetylated in tissues or by intestinal bacteria . An alternative to acetylation is beta-lyase-mediated metabolism to form chlorothioketene as an intermediate, which can react with tissue nucleophiles or with water, when it forms chloroacetic acid. Cysteine conjugate beta-lyase activity has also been shown in rat cerebellar tissue.
The glutathione (GSH) dependent metabolism of dichloroacetylene (DCA) was investigated in rat liver and kidney subcellular fractions. The study also included the metabolism of DCA in rats to identify and quantify any metabolites formed by GSH conjugation. S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)glutathione (DCVG) was identified as a product of the in-vitro metabolism and N-acetyl-S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (N-Ac-DCVC) was identified as a urinary metabolite of DCA in rats. ...N-Ac-DCVC was identified as a urinary metabolite from rats by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry after esterification. Male rats exposed to 36 ppm DCA for 1 hr produced urine which contained 10.7 micromoles of N-Ca-DCVC as determined by high pressure liquid chromatographic analysis. .../It was suggested/ that the formation of DCVG, renal processing to cysteine S-conjugate beta-lyase in the kidney with formation of reactive and mutagenic intermediates may account for DCA nephrotoxicity and nephrocarcinogenicity.
Evaluation: No epidemiological data relevant to the carcinogenicity of dichloroacetylene were available. There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of dichloroacetylene. Overall evaluation d ichloroacetylene is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3).
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
致癌性证据
A3; 已确认的动物致癌物,对人类的相关性未知。
A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
国际癌症研究机构致癌物:二氯乙炔
IARC Carcinogenic Agent:Dichloroacetylene
来源:International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
毒理性
致癌物分类
国际癌症研究机构(IARC)致癌物分类:第3组:无法归类其对人类致癌性
IARC Carcinogenic Classes:Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans
来源:International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
IARC Monographs:Volume 39: (1986) Some Chemicals Used in Plastics and Elastomers
Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)
Volume 71: (1999) Re-evaluation of Some Organic Chemicals, Hydrazine and Hydrogen Peroxide (Part 1, Part 2, Part 3)
来源:International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
The metabolism of inhaled 14(C)dichloroacetylene has been studied in male Wistar rats exposed to 20 or 40 ppm (78 or 156 mg/cu m) atmospheres for 1 hr. During the next 96 hr, elimination of retained (approximately 17%) 20 and 40 ppm doses, respectively, was: urine, 68% and 60%; feces, 28% and 27%. About 3.5% remained in the carcasses.
Using a nose-only dynamic system, ...rats /were given 14C-dichloroacetylene/ for 1 hr at concentrations of 20 or 40 ppm. Retention rates of 17.6 and 15.6% of the radioactivity were reported for 20 and 40 ppm, respectively. Elimination of radioactivity was almost quantitative in 96 hr. Elimination of radioactivity in urine was 67.8% at 20 ppm and 60% at 40 ppm. Elimination in feces was 27.5% at 20 ppm and 27% at 40 ppm. Only 3.4 to 3.5% remained in the carcass.
1.周国泰,化学危险品安全技术全书,化学工业出版社,1997 2.国家环保局有毒化学品管理办公室、北京化工研究院合编,化学品毒性法规环境数据手册,中国环境科学出版社.1992 3.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety,CHEMINFO Database.1998 4.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, RTECS Database, 1989
Pathways of Chlorinated Ethylene and Chlorinated Acetylene Reaction with Zn(0)
摘要:
To successfully design treatment systems relying on reactions of chlorocarbons with zero-valent metals, information is needed concerning the kinetics and pathways through which transformations occur. In this study, pathways of chlorinated ethylene reaction with Zn(0) have been elucidated through batch experiments. Data for parent compound disappearance and product appearance were fit to pseudo-first-order rate expressions in order to develop a complete kinetic model. Results indicate that reductive beta-elimination plays an important role, accounting for 15% of tetrachloroethylene (PCE), 30% of trichloroethylene (TCE), 85% of cis-dichloroethylene (cis-DCE), and 95% of trans-dichloroethylene (trans-DCE) reaction. The fraction of PCE, TCE, trans-DCE, and cis-DCE transformation that occurs via reductive elimination increases as the two-electron reduction potential (E-2)for this reaction becomes more favorable relative to hydrogenolysis. In the case of PCE a nd TCE, reductive elimination gives rise to chlorinated acetylenes. Chloroacetylene and dichloroacetylene were synthesized and found to react rapidly with zinc, displaying products consistent with both hydrogenolysis and reduction of the triple bond. Surface area-normalized rate constants (k(SA)) for chlorinated ethylene disappearance correlate well with both one-electron (E-1) and two-electron (E-2) reduction potentials for the appropriate reactions. Correlation with E-2 allows prediction of the distribution of reaction products as well as the rate of disappearance of the parent compound.
Pathways of Chlorinated Ethylene and Chlorinated Acetylene Reaction with Zn(0)
摘要:
To successfully design treatment systems relying on reactions of chlorocarbons with zero-valent metals, information is needed concerning the kinetics and pathways through which transformations occur. In this study, pathways of chlorinated ethylene reaction with Zn(0) have been elucidated through batch experiments. Data for parent compound disappearance and product appearance were fit to pseudo-first-order rate expressions in order to develop a complete kinetic model. Results indicate that reductive beta-elimination plays an important role, accounting for 15% of tetrachloroethylene (PCE), 30% of trichloroethylene (TCE), 85% of cis-dichloroethylene (cis-DCE), and 95% of trans-dichloroethylene (trans-DCE) reaction. The fraction of PCE, TCE, trans-DCE, and cis-DCE transformation that occurs via reductive elimination increases as the two-electron reduction potential (E-2)for this reaction becomes more favorable relative to hydrogenolysis. In the case of PCE a nd TCE, reductive elimination gives rise to chlorinated acetylenes. Chloroacetylene and dichloroacetylene were synthesized and found to react rapidly with zinc, displaying products consistent with both hydrogenolysis and reduction of the triple bond. Surface area-normalized rate constants (k(SA)) for chlorinated ethylene disappearance correlate well with both one-electron (E-1) and two-electron (E-2) reduction potentials for the appropriate reactions. Correlation with E-2 allows prediction of the distribution of reaction products as well as the rate of disappearance of the parent compound.
[EN] MACROCYCLIC INHIBITORS OF FLAVIVIRIDAE VIRUSES<br/>[FR] INHIBITEURS MACROCYCLIQUES DES VIRUS FLAVIVIRIDAE
申请人:GILEAD SCIENCES INC
公开号:WO2013185103A1
公开(公告)日:2013-12-12
Provided are compounds of Formula I: and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters thereof. The compounds, compositions, and methods provided are useful for the treatment of virus infections, particularly hepatitis C infections.
Copper-catalyzed chlorination and condensation of acetylene and dichloroacetylene
作者:Philip H. Taylor、Andreas Wehrmeier、Sukh S. Sidhu、Dieter Lenoir、K.-W. Schramm、A. Kettrup
DOI:10.1016/s0045-6535(99)00272-6
日期:2000.6
The chlorination and condensation of acetylene at low temperatures is demonstrated using copper chlorides as chlorinated agents coated to model borosilicate surfaces. Experiments with and without both a chlorine source and borosilicate surfaces indicate the absence of gas-phase and gas-surface reactions. Chlorination and condensation occur only in the presence of the copper catalyst. C2 through C8
Provided are compounds of Formula I:
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters thereof. The compounds, compositions, and methods provided are useful for the treatment of virus infections, particularly hepatitis C infections.
Au- and Pt-Catalyzed Cycloisomerizations of 1,5-Enynes to Cyclohexadienes with a Broad Alkyne Scope
作者:Jianwei Sun、Matthew P. Conley、Liming Zhang、Sergey A. Kozmin
DOI:10.1021/ja063384n
日期:2006.8.1
Elucidation of this unusual reaction mechanism enabled us, in turn, to significantly expand the scope of the cycloisomerization by incorporation of a quaternary center at the C(3) position of the enyne. Indeed, we established that PtCl(2) (5 mol %) efficiently catalyzed the cycloisomerizations of 1,5-enynes containing terminal, internal, and arene-conjugated alkynes. Since a variety of 1,5-enynes are readily
The synthesis of azoacetylenes (=dialkynyldiazenes) 1 and 2 has been investigated. They represent a still elusive class of chromophores with potentially very interesting applications as novel bistable photochemical molecular switches or as antitumor agents (Fig. 1). Our synthetic efforts have led us alongside three different approaches (Scheme 1). In a first route, it was envisioned to generate the