Experiments in rabbits administered single doses of alkane diols via stomach tube revealed metabolites isolated from the urine 1 to 3 days post-dosing. Propanediol glucuronic acid conjugation accounted for up to 2% of the administered dose (4 mmol/kg); 1,4-butanediol (9 g) was metabolized to succinic acid (7% of administered dose); 2,3-butanediol glucuronic acid conjugation accounted for up to 26% of the administered dose (4 mmol/kg); phenacyl glutarate (0.5% of dose) was identified after 1,5-pentanediol (8.5 g) administration; Hexanediol glucuronic acid conjugation accounted for up to 9% of the administered dose (2 mmol/kg) and adipic acid was detected.
In human subjects dermally exposed to 25% 1,5-Pentanediol (2 applications, 12 hours apart), increasing levels of glutaric acid were detected in urine and serum (no concentrations were provided). The study authors reported that the risk of 1,5-pentanediol accumulation at the concentration tested (therapeutic dose) was low.
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: 1,5-Pentanediol has antimicrobial and antifungal properties in pharmaceutical applications. Additionally, 1,5-pentanediol has reported uses in products for hair loss, cold sores, nail problems, dry and scaly feet, and eczema; it can be used as a moisturizing substance and solvent. In addition, it is used as a plasticizer in cellulose products and adhesives, and in brake fluid compositions. It forms esters and polyesters which can be used as plasticizers, emulsifying agents and resin intermediates. HUMAN STUDIES: 1,5-Pentanediol (5%) was non-irritating to skin in an occlusive patch test. 1,5-Pentanediol (5% and 25% in different tests) was non-sensitizing to skin. A patient was diagnosed with allergic contact dermatitis from resveratrol-containing cream which also contained 1,5-pentanediol. The reaction was attributed to sensitization to 1,5-pentanediol and potential co-sensitization to resveratrol. ANIMAL STUDIES: No-to-mild irritation was observed for undiluted 1,5-pentanediol in rabbit eyes. 1,5-Pentanediol (undiluted) was non-irritating to rabbit skin in both a 24-hour non-occlusive skin test and a 20-hour occlusive patch test on intact and scarified skin. Rats exposed to essentially saturated vapors generated at room temperature for 8 hr survived. In an Ames test, up to 5000 ug/plate 1,5-pentanediol was negative for mutagenicity.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
副作用
神经毒素 - 急性溶剂综合征
Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome
来源:Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
The ability of propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, and 1,5-pentanediol to enhance the penetration of the drug estradiol in human skin was evaluated in an in vitro experiment using a Franz diffusion cell. The test substance (100 uL of 0.12% [(3)H]estradiol in 1:10 propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, or 1,5-pentanediol/ethanol solution) was applied to the dermis, which faced the receptor side of the cell. Receptor fluid samples were collected at various time points. The steady-state flux of propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, and 1,5-pentanediol was determined to be 0.11, 0.017, and 0.005 ug/sq cm/hr, respectively, indicating a decrease in steady-state flux with increasing alkyl chain length. After ~ 85-90 minutes the permeability of [(3)H]estradiol in human skin was ~ 5-6 ug/sq cm with propanediol and < 1 ug/sq cm with 1,4-butanediol or 1,5-pentanediol.
Penetration enhancement tests in vitro showed 1,5-pentanediol to be a penetration enhancer for certain pharmaceutical drugs. Test cream formulations containing 0.1% tri-iodothyroacetic acid (TRIAC; a thyroid hormone analog) and either 1,5-pentanediol (10%) or 1,2-propanediol (10%) showed 1,5-pentanediol to be a more effective penetration enhancer than 1,2-propanediol for TRIAC in a multilayer membrane system (MMS) experiment. Results for 1,5-pentanediol indicated that 33% of the TRIAC (pharmacologically active agent) was released from the carrier vehicle, or formulation (in MMS), to enable TRIAC to contact the skin at the epidermal surface by 30 minutes post-application; 62% TRIAC was released from the formulation by 300 minutes. In a separate experiment, test cream formulations containing 1% hydrocortisone and either 1,5-pentanediol (25%) or 1,2-propanediol (25%) were evaluated using human breast skin. Both 1,5-pentanediol (increased drug absorption 4-fold, compared to controls) and 1,2-propanediol (increased drug absorption 13-fold, compared to controls) were shown to be penetration enhancers. However, 1,2-propanediol enhanced the transfer of the drug through the skin more effectively and 1,5-Pentanediol increased retention of the drug in the skin more effectively (receptor fluid collected up to 60 hours post-application). Another experiment evaluating test cream formulations containing 0.1% mometasone furoate and either 1,5-pentanediol (25%) or hexylene glycol (12%) revealed that both formulations were percutaneous absorption enhancers in human breast skin (receptor fluid collected up to 60 hours post-application). The absorption of 0.1% mometasone furoate into the skin was 6% using 1,5-pentanediol and 7% using hexylene glycol as penetration enhancers.
1,5-Pentanediol (5% and 20%) and 1,2-propanediol (5% and 20%) were ... evaluated in an in vitro experiment investigating the penetration enhancement of 1% terbinafine, a lipophilic drug used to treat foot and nail fungus, in a hydrogel formulation. Both alkane diols were found to be percutaneous absorption enhancers in human breast skin (receptor fluid collected up to 60 hours post-application). Results indicated that 21% and 11% terbinafine was absorbed into the skin with 20% 1,2-propanediol or 20% 1,5-pentanediol, respectively. The 5% 1,2-propanediol or 5% 1,5-pentanediol yielded 19% and 52% terbinafine absorption into skin, respectively. For comparison, the control (1% terbinafine in hydrogel without either alkane diol) resulted in 8% drug absorption into the skin.
1.周国泰,化学危险品安全技术全书,化学工业出版社,1997 2.国家环保局有毒化学品管理办公室、北京化工研究院合编,化学品毒性法规环境数据手册,中国环境科学出版社.1992 3.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety,CHEMINFO Database.1998 4.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, RTECS Database, 1989
在Ni中添加Y 2 O 3形成了一种复合催化剂,该催化剂在糠醇在2.0 MPa H 2和423 K的氢解中选择性地产生1,5-戊二醇而不是1,2-戊二醇。显然,1,5-戊二醇在Ni 0 -Y 2 O 3边界上产生。该报告重点介绍了由糠醇合成1,5-戊二醇时Ni-Y 2 O 3的性质,催化性能和反应路线。