3-O-β-galactopyranosyl-D-galactose

• 分子结构分类: 有机化合物 - 有机氧化合物
• 英文名称: 3-O-β-galactopyranosyl-D-galactose
• 英文别名: 3-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-D-galactose；3-O-beta-D-Galactopyranosyl-D-galactopyranose；(3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxane-2,3,5-triol
• 化学式: C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁
• 分子量: 342.3
• InChiKey: QIGJYVCQYDKYDW-UACSRZGOSA-N

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  -4.2
• 重原子数：
  23
• 可旋转键数：
  4
• 环数：
  2.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  1.0
• 拓扑面积：
  190
• 氢给体数：
  8
• 氢受体数：
  11

反应信息

• 作为反应物：
  描述：

  3-O-β-galactopyranosyl-D-galactose 在 sodium tetrahydroborate 作用下， 以 水 为溶剂， 生成 O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->3)-D-galactitol
  参考文献：
  名称：

  从“标准化中间体”组装寡糖：D-半乳糖的β-（1-3）连接的寡聚体。

  摘要：

  依次测试了几种2-O-苯甲酰基-4,6-二-O-苄基-3-OR-α-D-吡喃半乳糖基氯，这些寡糖被设计为寡糖中β-连接的内部D-吡喃半乳糖基残基的一般前体。半乳糖三糖β-D-Galp-（1 ---- 3）-β-D-Galp-（1 ---- 3）-D-Gal的合成（19）。具有R ＝四氢-2-吡喃基和叔丁基二甲基甲硅烷基的氯化物给出了优异的结果，而具有R ＝ 3-苯甲酰基丙酰基和氯乙酰基的那些氯化物不能令人满意。还制备了具有R ＝ 2，3-二-O-苯甲酰基-4，6-二-O-苄基-β-D-吡喃半乳糖基的活化的二糖嵌段（17），并作为糖基供体进行了测试。将17与摩尔比为1.13：1的1-丙烯基2-O-苯甲酰基-4,6-二-O-苄基-α-D-吡喃半乳糖苷（14）偶联，得到64％的三糖衍生物（18 ），可以将其转换为19。

  DOI：

  10.1016/0008-6215(86)80014-3
• 作为产物：
  描述：

  allyl 2,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-α-D-galactopyranoside 在 palladium on activated charcoal 、 Wilkinson's catalyst 三乙烯二胺 、 氢气 、 sodium methylate 、 silver trifluoromethanesulfonate 、 1,1,3,3-四甲基脲 、 mercury dichloride 、 mercury(II) oxide 作用下， 以 甲醇 、 乙醇 、 二氯甲烷 、 水 、 丙酮 为溶剂， 反应 32.5h， 生成 3-O-β-galactopyranosyl-D-galactose
  参考文献：
  名称：

  从“标准化中间体”组装寡糖：D-半乳糖的β-（1-3）连接的寡聚体。

  摘要：

  依次测试了几种2-O-苯甲酰基-4,6-二-O-苄基-3-OR-α-D-吡喃半乳糖基氯，这些寡糖被设计为寡糖中β-连接的内部D-吡喃半乳糖基残基的一般前体。半乳糖三糖β-D-Galp-（1 ---- 3）-β-D-Galp-（1 ---- 3）-D-Gal的合成（19）。具有R ＝四氢-2-吡喃基和叔丁基二甲基甲硅烷基的氯化物给出了优异的结果，而具有R ＝ 3-苯甲酰基丙酰基和氯乙酰基的那些氯化物不能令人满意。还制备了具有R ＝ 2，3-二-O-苯甲酰基-4，6-二-O-苄基-β-D-吡喃半乳糖基的活化的二糖嵌段（17），并作为糖基供体进行了测试。将17与摩尔比为1.13：1的1-丙烯基2-O-苯甲酰基-4,6-二-O-苄基-α-D-吡喃半乳糖苷（14）偶联，得到64％的三糖衍生物（18 ），可以将其转换为19。

  DOI：

  10.1016/0008-6215(86)80014-3

文献信息

• Entwicklung eines syntheseblocks der 3-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-d-galactopyranose
  作者：Hans Paulsen、Thomas Hasenkamp、Michael Paal

  DOI：10.1016/0008-6215(85)85005-9

  日期：1985.11

  Abstract In the presence of trimethylsilyl triflate, 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-acetyl-β- d -galactopyranose reacted with benzyl 4-O-acetyl-2,6-di-O-benzyl-β- d -galactopyranoside to give benzyl 2,6-di-O-benzyl-3-O-β- d -galactopyranosyl-β- d -galactopyranoside further converted into the synthetic block 1,2,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-3-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β- d -galactopyranosyl)-β- d -galactopyranose. This, in

  摘要在三氟甲磺酸三甲基甲硅烷基酯存在下，1,2,3,4,6-戊基-O-乙酰基-β-d-吡喃半乳糖与苄基4-O-乙酰基-2,6-二-O-苄基-β-反应d-吡喃半乳糖苷得到苄基2,6-二-O-苄基-3-O-β-d-吡喃半乳糖苷-β-d-吡喃半乳糖苷进一步转化为合成的1,2,4,6-四-O-乙酰基嵌段-3-O-（2,3,4,6-四-O-乙酰基-β-d-吡喃半乳糖基）-β-d-吡喃半乳糖。这在路易斯酸催化剂存在下并与相应的糖基受体一起，得到8-甲氧基羰基辛基3-O-β-d-吡喃半乳糖苷-β-d-吡喃半乳糖苷和8-甲氧基羰基辛基O-β-d-吡喃半乳糖苷-（1 →3）-O-β-d-吡喃半乳糖苷-（1→3）-2-乙酰氨基-2-脱氧-α-d-吡喃半乳糖苷。
• Structure of the capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella serotype K40
  作者：Asim K. Ray、Abhijit Roy、Nirmolendu Roy

  DOI：10.1016/0008-6215(87)80079-4

  日期：1987.7

  The capsular polysaccharide from Klebsiella Serotype K40 contains D-galactose, D-mannose, L-rhamnose, and D-glucuronic acid in the ratios of 4:1:1:1. Methylation analysis of the native and carboxyl-reduced polysaccharide provided information about the glycosidic linkages in the repeating unit. Degradation of the permethylated polymer with base established the identity of the sugar unit preceding the

  来自克雷伯氏菌血清型K40的荚膜多糖以4∶1∶1∶1∶1的比例含有D-半乳糖，D-甘露糖，L-鼠李糖和D-葡萄糖醛酸。天然多糖和羧基还原多糖的甲基化分析提供了有关重复单元中糖苷键的信息。用碱降解全甲基化的聚合物确定了糖基葡糖醛酸残基之前的糖单元的身份。Smith降解和K40多糖的部分水解进一步证实了不同糖残基的连接方式。通过用三氧化铬氧化过乙酰化的天然和羧基还原的多糖来确定不同糖残基的端基异构体构型。根据所有这些结果，将七糖结构1分配给K40多糖的重复单元。（公式：见文字）
• Distinct substrate specificities of three glycoside hydrolase family 42  -galactosidases from Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis ATCC 15697
  作者：A. H. Viborg、T. Katayama、M. Abou Hachem、M. C. Andersen、M. Nishimoto、M. H. Clausen、T. Urashima、B. Svensson、M. Kitaoka

  DOI：10.1093/glycob/cwt104

  日期：2014.2.1

  Glycoside hydrolase family 42 (GH42) includes β-galactosidases catalyzing the release of galactose (Gal) from the non-reducing end of different β-d-galactosides. Health-promoting probiotic bifidobacteria, which are important members of the human gastrointestinal tract microbiota, produce GH42 enzymes enabling utilization of β-galactosides exerting prebiotic effects. However, insight into the specificity of individual GH42 enzymes with respect to substrate monosaccharide composition, glycosidic linkage and degree of polymerization is lagging. Kinetic analysis of natural and synthetic substrates resembling various milk and plant galactooligosaccharides distinguishes the three GH42 members, Bga42A, Bga42B and Bga42C, encoded by the probiotic B. longum subsp. infantis ATCC 15697 and revealed the glycosyl residue at subsite +1 and its linkage to the terminal Gal at subsite −1 to be key specificity determinants. Bga42A thus prefers the β1-3-galactosidic linkage from human milk and other β1-3- and β1-6-galactosides with glucose or Gal situated at subsite +1. In contrast, Bga42B very efficiently hydrolyses 4-galactosyllactose (Galβ1-4Galβ1-4Glc) as well as 4-galactobiose (Galβ1-4Gal) and 4-galactotriose (Galβ1-4Galβ1-4Gal). The specificity of Bga42C resembles that of Bga42B, but the activity was one order of magnitude lower. Based on enzyme kinetics, gene organization and phylogenetic analyses, Bga42C is proposed to act in the metabolism of arabinogalactan-derived oligosaccharides. The distinct kinetic signatures of the three GH42 enzymes correlate to unique sequence motifs denoting specific clades in a GH42 phylogenetic tree providing novel insight into GH42 subspecificities. Overall, the data illustrate the metabolic adaptation of bifidobacteria to the β-galactoside-rich gut niche and emphasize the importance and diversity of β-galactoside metabolism in probiotic bifidobacteria.

  糖苷水解酶家族 42（GH42）包括β-半乳糖苷酶，可催化从不同β-d-半乳糖苷的非还原端释放半乳糖（Gal）。促进健康的益生菌双歧杆菌是人体胃肠道微生物群的重要成员，它们产生的 GH42 酶能利用β-半乳糖苷发挥益生作用。然而，人们对单个 GH42 酶在底物单糖组成、糖苷键和聚合度方面的特异性还缺乏深入了解。对类似于各种牛奶和植物半乳寡糖的天然和合成底物进行动力学分析，区分了益生菌 B. longum subsp. infantis ATCC 15697 编码的三个 GH42 成员 Bga42A、Bga42B 和 Bga42C，并发现位点 +1 上的糖基残基及其与位点 -1 上末端 Gal 的连接是决定特异性的关键因素。因此，Bga42A 更喜欢母乳中的β1-3-半乳糖苷连接，以及其他葡萄糖或 Gal 位于位点 +1 上的β1-3-和β1-6-半乳糖苷。相反，Bga42B 能非常有效地水解 4-半乳糖苷（Galβ1-4Galβ1-4Glc）以及 4-半乳糖双糖（Galβ1-4Gal）和 4-半乳糖三糖（Galβ1-4Galβ1-4Gal）。Bga42C 的特异性与 Bga42B 相似，但活性低一个数量级。根据酶动力学、基因组织和系统发育分析，Bga42C 被认为参与了阿拉伯半乳聚糖衍生寡糖的代谢。三种 GH42 酶的不同动力学特征与 GH42 系统发育树中表示特定支系的独特序列基序相关联，为了解 GH42 亚特异性提供了新的视角。总之，这些数据说明了双歧杆菌对富含β-半乳糖苷的肠道生态位的代谢适应性，并强调了β-半乳糖苷代谢在益生双歧杆菌中的重要性和多样性。
• Substrate specificity and other properties of the β-d- galactosidase from Aspergillus niger
  作者：Donald E. Sykes、Saeed A. Abbas、Joseph J. Barlow、Khushi L. Matta

  DOI：10.1016/s0008-6215(00)90960-1

  日期：1983.5

  beta-D-Galactosidase from Aspergillus niger was purified by conventional techniques, including the repeated use of chromatography on hydroxylapatite. The final preparation represented a 112-fold purification, with a 22% yield. The specific activity of the purified enzyme was 72 mumol of D-galactose released/min/mg of protein, using p-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside as the substrate. The substrate specificity of the enzyme was studied by using saccharides having structural linkages similar to those found in naturally occurring glycoconjugates. At substrate concentrations of 5mM, the beta-D-galactosidase efficiently hydrolyzed beta-Gal-1 leads to OC6H4NO2-p, beta-Gal-(1 leads to 3)-Gal, beta-Gal-(1 leads to 3)-beta-Gal-1 leads to OC6H4NO2-p, and beta-Gal-(1 leads to 3)-alpha-Gal-1 leads to OC6H4NO2-p, at rates of 63, 53, 65, and 29 mumol/min/mg of protein, respectively. Slower hydrolysis was observed for beta-Gal-(1 leads to 4)-beta-Glc, beta-Gal-(1 leads to 4)-beta-GlcNAc-1 leads to OC6H4NO2-p, and beta-Gal-(1 leads to 6)-beta-GlcNAc-1 leads to OC6H4NO2-p, with rates of 10, 13 and 9 mumol/min/mg of protein, respectively. Poorly hydrolyzed, at rates 1/300th of that of beta-Gal-1 leads to OC6H4NO2-p, were synthetic substrates having D-galactose attached beta-(1 leads to 3)- to either GalNAc or GlcNAc. The Km value for beta-D-galactosidase with beta-Gal-(1 leads to 4)-beta-GlNAc-1 leads to OC6H4NO2-p was approximately 20 times that with beta-Gal-1 leads to OC6H4NO2-p. The beta-D-galactosidase of A. niger has a molecular weight of 300,000, as demonstrated by gel-filtration chromatography. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-poly(acrylamide)-gel electrophoresis indicated a single subunit having a molecular weight of 130,000.
• Chemical properties and antiulcerogenic activity of a galactomannoglucan from Syagrus oleracea
  作者：Bernadete Pereira da Silva、José Paz Parente

  DOI：10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.05.066

  日期：2010.12

  A galactomannoglucan (GMG) with an estimated weight-average molar mass of 415,000 g/mol was obtained from an aqueous extract of the mesocarp of fruits of Syagrus oleracea (Mart.) Becc. by fraction-ation by Sephacryl S-300 HR and Sephadex G-25. Chemical and spectroscopic studies indicated that GMG has a chain of (1 -> 4)-linked beta-D-rnannopyranosyl residues attached to an initial chain of (1 -> 3)-linked beta-D-galactopyranosyl residues and a terminal chain of (1 -> 4)-linked alpha-D-glucopyranosyl residues which comprised galactose, mannose and glucose in the molar ratio of 30:33:37. Results of the present study indicated that the polysaccharide GMG of S. oleracea significantly inhibited gastric lesions induced by ethanol, showing a gastroprotective property. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.