Amiodarone Hydrochloride 0.6 mg/ml in dextrose 5% in water is stable for five days at room temperature. Solutions containing less than 0.6 mg/ml of amiodarone hydrochloride in dextrose 5% in water are unstable and should not be used.
解离常数:
pKa = 6.56
碰撞截面:
226.3 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: TW, Method: calibrated with polyalanine and drug standards]
The drug appears to be extensively metabolized, probably in the liver and possibly in the intestinal lumen and/or GI mucosa, to at least one major metabolite. The major metabolite, N-desethylamiodarone, is formed by N-deethylation. Although not clearly established, limited data in animals indicate that the desethyl metabolite may possess some antiarrhythmic activity. ... A minor metabolite of amiodarone, di-N-desethylamiodarone, has been identified in animals following chronic administration of the drug. Amiodarone and N-desethylamiodarone may undergo deiodination to form deiodoamiodarone and deiodo-N-desethylamiodarone, respectively; iodine (in the form of iodide); and possibly other iodine containing metabolites. It is not known whether deiodinated metabolites are pharmacologically active.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
代谢
阿米达龙通过细胞色素P450 3A4在肝脏中进行代谢,转化为去乙基阿米达龙。
Amiodarone undergoes hepatic metabolism by cytochrome P450 3A4 to desethyl-amiodarone.
◉ Summary of Use during Lactation:Breastmilk and infant serum levels of amiodarone and its active metabolite are somewhat unpredictable, but can be high during breastfeeding. The infant receives an estimated dose of amiodarone plus desethylamiodarone ranging from 3.5 to 45% of the mother's weight-adjusted amiodarone dose, with a median dose of about 11%. Infant serum levels of the drug plus metabolite range from 14 to 74% of simultaneous maternal levels, with the higher values reflecting transplacental passage of the drug. In addition to possible cardiac effects, these compounds contain a large amount of iodine which may be released during metabolism. Thyroid dysfunction was reported in one breastfed infant. Even if the drug were discontinued at birth, the mother would continue to excrete amiodarone and its metabolite (and possibly large amounts of iodine) into breastmilk for days to weeks.
Some investigators believe that breastfeeding can be undertaken during maternal amiodarone use with periodic monitoring of infant cardiac and thyroid function status, especially if only a single dose of amiodarone is given. Infant serum levels of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone may be useful for ruling out cardiac effects of the drug. If hypothyroidism develops, therapy should be promptly initiated.
◉ Effects in Breastfed Infants:Several infants who breastfed without apparent harm during maternal amiodarone therapy have been reported.
One mother took amiodarone during the last 5 weeks of pregnancy and until one week after delivery. She was also taking metoprolol throughout pregnancy and at the time of delivery. Possible signs of hypothyroidism occurred transiently in her breastfed infant at 9 and 24 days of age. This was possibly caused by amiodarone or iodine from amiodarone in breastmilk, although residual amiodarone from transplacental passage is also a possible contributing factor; no abnormalities in cornea or the lungs were found.
◉ Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk:Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date. However, if amiodarone causes hypothyroidism in the mother, her milk supply could be diminished.
Concomitant use of amiodarone and procainamide may result in increased plasma procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA) concentrations and subsequent toxicity.
Plasma flecainide concentrations adjusted for daily dosage increased by an average of about 60% (range: 5-190%) when amiodarone therapy was initiated in a limited number of patients receiving flecainide.
Limited data indicate that administration of cholestyramine resin following a single oral dose amiodarone may decrease the elimination half-life and plasma concentrations of amiodarone, possibly by interfering with enterohepatic circulation of the antiarrhythmic agent.
Potentially serious adverse cardiovascular and cardiac effects have occurred in some amiodarone treated patients undergoing general anesthesia, suggesting the possibility of an interaction between the antiarrhythmic agent and various anesthetic agents.
Plasma concentration of amiodarone appear to decline in at least a biphasic manner, although more complex, multicompartmental pharmacokinetics have been described. Following a single IV dose in healthy adults, the half-life of the drug in the terminal elimination phase has been reported to average 25 days (range 9-47 days). The elimination half-life of the major metabolite, N-desethylamiodarone, is equal to or longer than that of the parent drug. Following single dose admin of amiodarone in a limited number of healthy individuals, amiodarone exhibits multicompartmental pharmacokinetics; the mean apparent terminal plasma elimination half-life of amiodarone and N-desethylamiodarone were 58 (range: 15-142) and 36 (range: 14-75) days, respectively. The half-life of amiodarone appears to be substantially more prolonged following multiple rather than single doses. It has been suggested that differences in reported elimination half-lives may result in part from misinterpretation of slow distribution phases as elimination phases following IV administration of the drug. Following chronic oral administration of amiodarone hydrochloride in patients with cardiac arrhythmias (200-600 mg daily for 2-52 months), the drug appears to be eliminated in a biphasic manner with an initial elimination half-life of about 2.5-10 days, which is followed by a terminal elimination half-life averaging 53 days (range: 26-107 days), with most patients exhibiting a terminal elimination half-life in the range of 40-55 days. The elimination half-life of the major metabolite, N-desethylamiodarone, averages 57-61 days (range 20-118 days) following long-term oral administration of amiodarone. The elimination profile of amiodarone may reflect an initial elimination of the drug from well-perfused tissues followed by prolonged elimination from poorly perfused tissues such as adipose tissue.
Following iv administration of amiodarone in healthy individuals, total plasma clearance of the drug averages approximately 1.9 ml/min/kg (range: 1.4-2.5 ml/min/kg). Although not clearly established, total apparent plasma clearance of the drug appears to decrease with time. Clinical experience suggests that clearance of amiodarone may be more rapid in pediatric patients; however, further studies are needed to fully determine the effects of age on clearance of the drug. Factors of age, gender, or renal or hepatic disease appear to have no effect on the disposition of amiodarone or its major metabolite, N-desethylamiodarone.
Amiodarone hydrochloride is slowly and variably absorbed from the GI tract following oral administration. The absolute bioavailability of commercially available amiodarone hydrochloride tablets averages approximately 50%, but varies considerably, ranging from 22-86%.
Following oral administration, peak plasma amiodarone concentrations usually occur within 3-7 hours (range: 2-12 hours). Following oral administration of a single 400 mg dose of amiodarone hydrochloride in fasting, healthy adults, peak plasma amiodarone concentration of approximately 0.15-0.7 ug/ml are attained. Within the oral dosage range of 100-600 mg daily, steady state plasma concentrations of the drug are approximately proportional to dosage, increasing by an average of 0.5 ug/ml per 100 mg increment in dosage; however, there is considerable interindividual variation in plasma concentrations attained with a given dosage. Following continuous oral administration of the drug in the absence of an initial loading dose regimen, steady state plasma amiodarone concentrations would not be attained for at least 1 month and generally not for up to 5 months or longer. Following chronic oral administration of amiodarone, plasma concentrations of N-desethylamiodarone, the major metabolite of the drug, are approximately 0.5-2 times those of unchanged drug.
[EN] REAGENTS AND PROCESS FOR DIRECT C-H FUNCTIONALIZATION<br/>[FR] RÉACTIFS ET PROCÉDÉ POUR LA FONCTIONNALISATION DIRECTE DE LA LIAISON C-H
申请人:STUDIENGESELLSCHAFT KOHLE MBH
公开号:WO2020094673A1
公开(公告)日:2020-05-14
Thianthrene derivative of the Formula (I): wherein R1 to R8 may be the same or different and are selected from hydrogen, Cl, F, a partially or fully fluorinated C1 to C6 alkyl group, and wherein n is 0 or 1, with the proviso that at least one of R1 to R8 is not hydrogen and process for C-H functionalization of aromatic compounds using this compound.
[EN] CHEMOKING RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS<br/>[FR] ANTAGONISTES DES RÉCEPTEURS DE CHIMIOKINES
申请人:ABBOTT LAB
公开号:WO2013010453A1
公开(公告)日:2013-01-24
Disclosed herein are chemokine receptor antagonists of formula (I) wherein G1, X1, X2, and X3 are as defined in the specification. Compositions comprising such compounds; and methods for treating conditions and disorders using such compounds and compositions are also described.
The invention provides a compound of Formula (I)
pharmaceutically acceptable salts, pro-drugs, biologically active metabolites, stereoisomers and isomers thereof wherein the variable are defined herein. The compounds of the invention are useful for treating immunological and oncological conditions.
BENZAZEPINE DERIVATIVE, PROCESS FOR PRODUCING THE SAME, AND USE
申请人:Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd.
公开号:EP1422228A1
公开(公告)日:2004-05-26
The present invention provides a novel benzazepine derivative represented by formula :
wherein, R1 is a 5- or 6-membered aromatic ring, R2 is lower alkyl group, etc., Y is an optionally substituted imino group, ring A and ring B are independently an optionally substituted aromatic ring, W is formula -W1-X2-W2- (W1 and W2 are independently S(O)m1 (m1 is 0, 1 or 2), etc., and X2 is an optionally substituted alkylene groupetc. ), a preparation method and use thereof.
[EN] FURO[3,2-d]PYRIMIDINE COMPOUNDS<br/>[FR] COMPOSÉS DE FURO[3,2-D]PYRIMIDINE
申请人:ABBOTT LAB
公开号:WO2012048222A1
公开(公告)日:2012-04-12
The present invention is directed to novel compounds of Formula (I), pharmaceutically acceptable salts, biologically active metabolites, pro-drugs, racemates, enantiomers, diastereomers, solvates and hydrates thereof wherein the variables are defined as herein. The compounds of Formula (I) are useful as kinase inhibitors and as such would be useful in treating certain conditions and diseases, especially inflammatory conditions and diseases and proliferative disorders and conditions, for example, cancers.