The biotransformation of (+)-, (-)-, and (+-)-alpha-pinenes, (-)-beta-pinene (nopinene), (-)-cis-pinane, (+)-3-carene, (-)-cis-carane, myrcene, and p-cymene in rabbits was investigated. The major metabolites were as follows: (-)-trans-verbenol from (+)-, (-)-, and (+/-)-alpha-pinenes; (-)-10-pinanol and (-)-1-p-menthene-7,8-diol from (-)-beta-pinene; (-)-alpha-terpineol and (-)-trans-sobrerol from (-)-cis-pinane; (-)-m-mentha-4,6-dien-8-ol, 3-caren-9-ol, (-)-3-carene-9-carboxylic acid, and 3-carene-9,10-dicarboxylic acid from (+)-3-carene; carane-9,10-dicarboxylic acid from (-)-cis-carane; and myrcene-3(10)-glycol, myrcene-1,2-glycol, uroterpenol, and p-cymene-9-carboxylic acid from p-cymene. These metabolisms include allylic oxidation, epoxidation, stereoselective gem-dimethyl hydroxylation and its oxidation, cleavage of a conjugated double bond by epoxidation, and regioselective oxidation, some of which are not found usually in chemical reactions, and due to which various new compounds were determined. This biotransformation of the monoterpene hydrocarbons gave some insect pheromones in high yield.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
副作用
神经毒素 - 急性溶剂综合征
Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome
来源:Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Turpentine, terpenes, and related compounds/
Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. /Turpentine, terpenes, and related compounds/
Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive- pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... .Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Turpentine, Terpenes, and related compounds/
Sodium borohydride-nickel chloride hexahydrate in EtOH/PEG-400 as an efficient and recyclable catalytic system for the reduction of alkenes
作者：Kaoxue Li、Chuanchao Liu、Kang Wang、Yang Ren、Fahui Li
DOI：10.1039/c8ra00905h
日期：——
An efficient, safe and one-pot convenient catalytic system has been developed for the reduction of alkenes using NaBH4–NiCl2·6H2O in EtOH/PEG-400 under mild conditions. In this catalytic system, a variety of alkenes (including trisubstituted alkene α-pinene) were well reduced and the Ni catalyst could be recycled.
Iridium(I) Complexes with Anionic N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands as Catalysts for the Hydrogenation of Alkenes in Nonpolar Media
作者：Eugene L. Kolychev、Sabrina Kronig、Kai Brandhorst、Matthias Freytag、Peter G. Jones、Matthias Tamm
DOI：10.1021/ja406529c
日期：2013.8.21
complexes of anionic N-heterocycliccarbenes that contain a weakly coordinating borate moiety (WCA-NHC) was prepared in one step from free N-heterocycliccarbenes by deprotonation with n-butyl lithium followed by borane addition. The reaction of the resulting lithium-carbene adducts with [M(COD)Cl]2 (M = Rh, Ir; COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) afforded zwitterionic rhodium(I) and iridium(I) complexes of the
Catalyst-Free Hydrogenation of Alkenes and Alkynes with Hydrazine in the Presence of Oxygen
作者：Metin Balci、Nurettin Menges
DOI：10.1055/s-0033-1340554
日期：——
A series of alkenes and alkynes was subjected to reduction with hydrazine hydrate in ethanol in the presence of oxygen. An efficient method was developed for the reduction of C–C double bonds and C–C triple bonds with diimide, generated in situfromhydrazine hydrate by oxidation with oxygen. The reduction process proceeded for 24–48 hours with high chemoselectivity and excellent yields. This reduction
Amine‐Borane Dehydrogenation and Transfer Hydrogenation Catalyzed by α‐Diimine Cobaltates
作者：Thomas M. Maier、Sebastian Sandl、Ilya G. Shenderovich、Axel Jacobi von Wangelin、Jan J. Weigand、Robert Wolf
DOI：10.1002/chem.201804811
日期：2019.1.2
catalyze the dehydrogenation of several amine‐boranes. Based on the excellent catalytic properties, an especially effective transfer hydrogenation protocol for challenging olefins, imines, and N‐heteroarenes was developed. NH3BH3 was used as a dihydrogen surrogate, which transferred up to two equivalents of H2 per NH3BH3. Detailed spectroscopic and mechanisticstudies are presented, which document the rate
Air-Stable α-Diimine Nickel Precatalysts for the Hydrogenation of Hindered, Unactivated Alkenes
作者：Nadia G. Léonard、Paul J. Chirik
DOI：10.1021/acscatal.7b03909
日期：2018.1.5
isotopologues of the alkanes, signaling chain running processes that are competitive with productive hydrogenation. Stoichiometric studies, titration, and deuteriumlabeling experiments identified that the borane reagent served the dual role of reducing nickel(II) bis(carboxylate) to the previously reported nickel hydride dimer [(iPrDI)NiH]2 and increasing the observed hydrogenation activity. Performing the
空气稳定的双（辛酸镍（II）镍（II），Ni（O 2 CC 7 H 15）2和α-二亚胺配体，iPr DI或Cy ADI（iPr DI = [2,6- i Pr 2 -C 6 H ^ 3 N = C（CH 3）] 2，赛扬ADI = [C 6 H ^ 11 N = C（CH 3）] 2）与频哪醇硼烷（HBPin）生成用于氢化受阻，基本未官能化的烯烃的高活性催化剂。氢化了一系列的三和四取代的烯烃，并证明了以数克为单位的1-苯基-1-环己烯氢化的台式操作程序，代表了这种挑战性类别的镍催化氢化反应的催化剂活性和范围的进步。烯烃。用iPr DI用原位生成的镍催化剂对1,2-二甲基茚进行氘化可独家提供1,2- syn - d 2-二甲基茚满。使用环状三取代烯烃（例如1-甲基茚和甲基环己烯），在D 2的4 atm下用原位生成的镍催化剂进行氘化产生了烷烃的多个氘代同位素，这标志着与生产性氢化竞争的链运行
