Under normal circumstances hypoxanthine is readily converted to uric acid. The enzyme xanthine oxidase makes uric acid from xanthine and hypoxanthine, which in turn are produced from other purines. In humans and higher primates, uric acid is the final oxidation (breakdown) product of purine metabolism and is excreted in urine.
Hypoxanthine is a poorly soluble compound. As a result high concentrations of serum hypoxanthine can lead to the formation of kidney stones which can, over the long term, induce kidney failure.
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类不具有致癌性（未列入国际癌症研究机构名录）。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
As a uremic toxin, this compound can cause uremic syndrome. Uremic syndrome may affect any part of the body and can cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. It can also cause changes in mental status, such as confusion, reduced awareness, agitation, psychosis, seizures, and coma. Abnormal bleeding, such as bleeding spontaneously or profusely from a very minor injury can also occur. Heart problems, such as an irregular heartbeat, inflammation in the sac that surrounds the heart (pericarditis), and increased pressure on the heart can be seen in patients with uremic syndrome. Shortness of breath from fluid buildup in the space between the lungs and the chest wall (pleural effusion) can also be present. Chronically high concentrations of hpyoxanthine can lead to health problems such as renal failure and xanthine kidney stones, one of the rarest types of kidney stones. Chronically high levels of hypoxanthine are associated with at least 4 inborn errors of metabolism including: Xanthinuria type I, Xanthuria type II, Molybdenium Cofactor Deficiency, and Xanthinuria.
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
暴露途径
内源性的，摄入，皮肤（接触）
Endogenous, Ingestion, Dermal (contact)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
症状
可能导致关节病、肌病、晶体性肾病、尿路结石或肾衰竭。
May lead to arthropathy, myopathy, crystal nephropathy, urolithiasis, or renal failure.
Tyrosine nitration in peptides by peroxynitrite generated in situ in a light-controlled platform: Effects of pH and thiols
摘要：
Peroxynitrite has been shown to play a critical role in inflammation and affords 3-nitrotyrosine as the hallmark product. The reported methods of generating this reactive nitrogen species in situ often fails to provide a high and steady flux of peroxynitrite resulting in poor yields of 3-nitrotyrosine. Herein we report a two-component peroxynitrite-generating platform in which this anion is produced in a biomimetic fashion and under the control of visible light. Incorporation of the nitric oxide- and superoxide-generating components in polymer matrices allows easy alterations of pH in the reaction wells of this platform. We have demonstrated very efficient nitration of tyrosine by peroxynitrite at different pH values and with varying concentrations of carbonate. In addition to tyrosine, a set of tyrosine-containing peptides was also studied. Presence of glutathione in the reaction wells increases the extent of tyrosine nitration in such peptide substrates presumably by raising the lifetime of nitric oxide in the reaction medium. When a cysteine residue was included in the sequence of the peptide, the extent of nitration of the tyrosine residue was found to depend on the position of the cysteine residue with respect to tyrosine. The extent of tyrosine nitration is strongly attenuated when the cysteine residue is directly adjacent to the tyrosine. This effect has been attributed to an intramolecular radical transfer mechanism. Taken together, results of this study demonstrate the potential of this light-controlled platform as a convenient bioanalytical tool in studying the reactions of peroxynitrite under widely varying conditions. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Thionations Using a P<sub>4</sub>S<sub>10</sub>−Pyridine Complex in Solvents Such as Acetonitrile and Dimethyl Sulfone
作者：Jan Bergman、Birgitta Pettersson、Vedran Hasimbegovic、Per H. Svensson
DOI：10.1021/jo101865y
日期：2011.3.18
Tetraphosphorusdecasulfide (P4S10) in pyridine has been used as a thionatingagent for a long period of time. The moisture-sensitive reagent has now been isolated in crystalline form, and the detailed structure has been determined by X-ray crystallography. The thionating power of this storable reagent has been studied and transferred to solvents such as acetonitrile in which it has proven to be synthetically
四硫化二磷（P 4 S 10）中的吡啶已长期用作硫代剂。现在已经以结晶形式分离出对水分敏感的试剂，并且已经通过X射线晶体学确定了详细的结构。已经研究了这种可储存试剂的去硫能力，并将其转移到诸如乙腈之类的溶剂中，在该溶剂中已证明其在合成上是有用的并且具有非凡的选择性。它的性能已经与所谓的Lawesson试剂（LR）进行了比较。特别有趣的是在相对较高的温度（约165°C）下以二甲基砜为溶剂进行硫磺化的结果。在这些条件下，例如，a啶酮和3-乙酰吲哚可以迅速转化为相应的亚硫代衍生物。甘氨酰甘氨酸类似地得到哌嗪去甲酮。在这些温度下 LR由于快速分解而效率低下。硫代产物通常更清洁并且更容易获得，因为在结晶试剂中，常规试剂P中始终存在杂质吡啶或LR中的4 S 10已被除去。
Direct <i>N</i><sup>9</sup>-arylation of purines with aryl halides
作者：Anders Foller Larsen、Trond Ulven
DOI：10.1039/c3cc48642g
日期：——
The reported protocol is the first to be demonstrated to efficiently couple aryl halides to purines with predictable selectivity.
据报道的协议是第一个被证明能有效地将芳基卤化物与嘌呤以可预测的选择性偶联的协议。
Crystal and molecular structure of cis-dichloroethionineplatinum(II) and its interaction with adenine, hypoxanthine, cytosine and their nucleosides
sulfur atoms to form a six-membered ring which adopts a skewed chair conformation. The predominant force of packing in this complex is the intermolecularhydrogen bonding between the two free carboxylicacid groups of adjacent molecules of ethionine. These are reinforced by weak NH…Cl bonds to stabilise crystal packing. Mixed ligand complexes of Pt(II)ethionine with adenine, adenosine, hypoxanthine, ionosine
We have developed an efficient and extensive deuterium incorporation method using a heterogeneous Pd/C-D 2 O-H 2 system into the base moiety of nucleosides. The results presented here provide a deuterium gas-free, totally catalytic, and post-synthetic deuterium labeling method in D 2 O media.
我们开发了一种高效且广泛的氘掺入方法，使用异质 Pd/CD 2 OH 2 系统进入核苷的碱基部分。此处介绍的结果提供了一种在 D 2 O 介质中无氘气、完全催化和合成后的氘标记方法。
