146 Ų [M-H]- [CCS Type: TW, Method: calibrated with polyalanine]
计算性质
辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
2.9
重原子数：
19
可旋转键数：
0
环数：
3.0
sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
0.07
拓扑面积：
87
氢给体数：
3
氢受体数：
5
ADMET
代谢
细粒体在大豆中的积累可能是由于它们的生物合成超过了它们的降解速度。
Alternariol is metabolized by microsomes in the liver, preferentially at aromatic positions. The products of aromatic hydroxylation are either catechols or hydroquinones, which may form reactive semiquinones and quinones or undergo redox cycling. (A2981)
Alternariol is a cholinesterase or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. A cholinesterase inhibitor (or 'anticholinesterase') suppresses the action of acetylcholinesterase. Because of its essential function, chemicals that interfere with the action of acetylcholinesterase are potent neurotoxins, causing excessive salivation and eye-watering in low doses, followed by muscle spasms and ultimately death. Nerve gases and many substances used in insecticides have been shown to act by binding a serine in the active site of acetylcholine esterase, inhibiting the enzyme completely. Acetylcholine esterase breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is released at nerve and muscle junctions, in order to allow the muscle or organ to relax. The result of acetylcholine esterase inhibition is that acetylcholine builds up and continues to act so that any nerve impulses are continually transmitted and muscle contractions do not stop. Among the most common acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are phosphorus-based compounds, which are designed to bind to the active site of the enzyme. The structural requirements are a phosphorus atom bearing two lipophilic groups, a leaving group (such as a halide or thiocyanate), and a terminal oxygen.
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类无致癌性（未列入国际癌症研究机构IARC清单）。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
健康影响
急性接触胆碱酯酶抑制剂可能会导致胆碱能危象，表现为严重的恶心/呕吐、流涎、出汗、心动过缓、低血压、崩溃和抽搐。肌肉无力可能性增加，如果呼吸肌受到影响，可能会导致死亡。在运动神经积累的乙酰胆碱会导致神经肌肉接头处尼古丁受体的过度刺激。当这种情况发生时，可以看到肌肉无力、疲劳、肌肉痉挛、肌束震颤和麻痹等症状。当自主神经节积累乙酰胆碱时，这会导致交感系统中尼古丁受体的过度刺激。与此相关的症状包括高血压和低血糖。由于乙酰胆碱积累导致中枢神经系统中尼古丁乙酰胆碱受体的过度刺激，会引起焦虑、头痛、抽搐、共济失调、呼吸和循环抑制、震颤、全身无力，甚至可能昏迷。当由于副交感神经末梢的乙酰胆碱过多导致毒蕈碱样过度刺激时，可能会出现视力障碍、胸部紧绷、由于支气管收缩引起的喘息、支气管分泌物增加、唾液分泌增加、流泪、出汗、肠蠕动和排尿等症状。对于男性和女性的生育、生长和发育，某些生殖效应与有机磷农药暴露有特异性关联。关于生殖效应的大多数研究都是在农村地区使用农药和杀虫剂的农民中进行的。在女性中，月经周期紊乱、怀孕时间延长、自然流产、死产以及后代的一些发育效应与有机磷农药暴露有关。产前暴露与胎儿生长和发育受损有关。神经毒性效应也与有机磷农药中毒有关，在人类中引起四种神经毒性效应：胆碱能综合症、中间综合症、有机磷诱导的迟发性多发性神经病（OPIDP）和慢性有机磷诱导的神经精神障碍（COPIND）。这些综合症在急性 and 慢性暴露于有机磷农药后出现。
Acute exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors can cause a cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Accumulation of ACh at motor nerves causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression at the neuromuscular junction. When this occurs symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, fasciculation, and paralysis can be seen. When there is an accumulation of ACh at autonomic ganglia this causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression in the sympathetic system. Symptoms associated with this are hypertension, and hypoglycemia. Overstimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system, due to accumulation of ACh, results in anxiety, headache, convulsions, ataxia, depression of respiration and circulation, tremor, general weakness, and potentially coma. When there is expression of muscarinic overstimulation due to excess acetylcholine at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors symptoms of visual disturbances, tightness in chest, wheezing due to bronchoconstriction, increased bronchial secretions, increased salivation, lacrimation, sweating, peristalsis, and urination can occur. Certain reproductive effects in fertility, growth, and development for males and females have been linked specifically to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Most of the research on reproductive effects has been conducted on farmers working with pesticides and insecticdes in rural areas. In females menstrual cycle disturbances, longer pregnancies, spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and some developmental effects in offspring have been linked to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Prenatal exposure has been linked to impaired fetal growth and development. Neurotoxic effects have also been linked to poisoning with OP pesticides causing four neurotoxic effects in humans: cholinergic syndrome, intermediate syndrome, organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP), and chronic organophosphate-induced neuropsychiatric disorder (COPIND). These syndromes result after acute and chronic exposure to OP pesticides.
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
暴露途径
口服、皮肤、吸入和 parenteral（被污染的药物）。
Oral, dermal, inhalation, and parenteral (contaminated drugs). (A3101)
Symptoms of low dose exposure include excessive salivation and eye-watering. Acute dose symptoms include severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Hypertension, hypoglycemia, anxiety, headache, tremor and ataxia may also result.
Compositions of stable bioactive metabolites of docosahexaenoic (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acids
申请人：Ghosal Shibnath
公开号：US20050282781A1
公开（公告）日：2005-12-22
An invention that adduces cogent evidence to establish that oxygenated dibenzo-α-pyrones (DBPs and their conjugates), the major bioactives of shilajit (Ayurvedic vitalizer), have their origin, at least partly, in EPA and DHA. Earlier research has shown that, in mammals, C-20 PUFAs are metabolized by oxygenases and other enzymes to produce short-lived prostaglandins, leukotrienes and thromboxanes that bind to specific G-protein-coupled receptors and signal cellular responses, e.g., inflammation, vasodilation, blood pressure, pain etc. But never before it was suggested/shown that C
20:5n-3
(and C
22:6 n-3
) PUFAs, e.g., EPA (and DHA), are transformed into stable aromatic metabolites, DBPs, which elicit a large array of bioactivities in the producer organisms and also control the synthesis and metabolism of arachidonate-derived prostaglandins. The major beneficial effects attributed to EPA and DHA are now found to be largely contributed by DBPs and their aminoacyl conjugates and the dibenzo-α-pyrone-chromoproteins (DCPs). Because of the highly unstable nature of EPA and DHA, when administered, they are metabolized into a large array of uncontrolled products, several of which are systemically undesirable. By contrast, DBPs, because of their stability, perform the biological response modifier (BRM) functions in a directed and sustained way. Many of the biological effects of DBPs described in this invention, were earlier attributed to EPA and DHA,—the precursors of DBPs.
[EN] USE OF NOOTKATONE FOR CONTROLLING PHYTOPATHOGENIC MICROBES<br/>[FR] UTILISATION DE NOOTKATONE POUR LUTTER CONTRE LES MICROBES PHYTOPATHOGÈNES
申请人：EVOLVA SA
公开号：WO2018210870A1
公开（公告）日：2018-11-22
The application relates to the methods for preventing, treating, or reducing an infection by phytopathogenic, facultative saprophytic or saprotrophic microbes (e.g. phytopathogenic fungi) in crop plants (pre-harvest), or in a crop plant material, or on surfaces in contact with the crop plant material, comprising: contacting them with a composition containing nootkatone and optionally an additional active ingredient; or comprising applying said composition to a vector pest. The application further relates to the compositions comprising nootkatone and optionally an additional active ingredient.
Procédé de détection de champignons producteurs d'ochratoxine A ou de citrininine
申请人：Evialis
公开号：EP1329521A1
公开（公告）日：2003-07-23
L'invention se rapporte à de nouvelles séquences issues de champignons producteurs d'ochratoxine A (OTA) ou de citrinine ainsi qu'à un procédé de détection de ces types de champignons, dans lequel on recherche la présence d'une séquence selon l'invention, notamment par PCR.
Method for producing purified and/or concentrated analytes, use and kit
申请人：AOKIN AG
公开号：EP2026068A1
公开（公告）日：2009-02-18
The present invention relates to a method for producing purified and/or concentrated analytes of interest from a sample of biological sources, said method comprising or consisting of the following steps:
a) providing an affinity column capable of being centrifuged, the column comprising or consisting of:
(i) a centrifugation column,
(ii) optionally one, two or more separators, and
(iii) an affinity matrix comprising a matrix and one or more, the same or different binding moieties, wherein the binding moieties are attached to the matrix in such a way, that the binding moieties are capable of binding to the analytes of interest to form a binding moiety-analyte-complex so that the analytes of interest are not eluted from the column,
b) optionally washing the affinity column with a washing solvent,
c) adding the sample comprising the analytes of interest to and filtering the sample through the affinity column, so that at least part of the analytes of interest of the sample form the binding moiety-analyte-complex,
d) optionally washing the affinity column comprising the binding moiety-analyte-complexes with a washing solvent,
e) adding an incubating solvent to said affinity column comprising the binding moiety-analyte-complexes,
f) incubating the incubation solvent on the affinity column comprising the binding moiety-analyte-complexes, so that at least part of the binding moiety-analyte-complexes are destroyed and
g) eluting the analytes of interest from the affinity column by way centrifugation,
a use of an affinity column capable for being centrifuged, a kit comprising an affinity column and an affinity column.
本发明涉及一种从生物源样品中制备纯化和/或浓缩的相关分析物的方法，所述方法包括或由以下步骤组成：
a) 提供可离心的亲和柱，该亲和柱包括或由以下部分组成：
(i) 离心柱、
(ii) 可选的一个、两个或多个分离器，以及
(iii) 由基质和一个或多个相同或不同的结合分子组成的亲和基质，其中结合分子以这样 的方式附着在基质上，即结合分子能够与感兴趣的分析物结合形成结合分子-分析物-复合物， 从而使感兴趣的分析物不会从柱中洗脱出来、
b) 用洗涤溶剂清洗亲和柱、
c) 将包含相关分析物的样品加入亲和柱并通过亲和柱过滤样品，使样品中的至少一部分相关分析物形成结合莫伊--分析物--络合物、
d) 选择性地用洗涤溶剂清洗亲和柱，亲和柱中包括结合莫伊-分析物-复合物、
e) 将孵育溶剂加入到所述亲和柱中，亲和柱中包含结合莫伊-分析物络合物、
f) 在亲和柱上孵育孵育溶剂，使至少部分结合莫伊耶-分析物复合物被破坏，以及
g) 通过离心从亲和柱中洗脱出感兴趣的分析物、
使用可离心的亲和柱、包括亲和柱和亲和柱的试剂盒。
Method of determining a concentration of analytes of interest in a sample
申请人：Aokin AG
公开号：EP2048500A1
公开（公告）日：2009-04-15
Summary:
The present invention relates to a method of determining a concentration of analytes of interest in a sample reaction mixture, which includes or is suspected to include the analytes of interest, comprising or consisting of the following steps:
a) Measuring or providing intensities of the polarized fluorescence of one, two, three, four, five or more comparative reaction mixtures with differing concentrations of analytes of interest in vertical and horizontal direction over a given time period of the reaction,
b) Measuring an intensity of the polarized fluorescence of a sample reaction mixture in vertical and horizontal direction over a given time period of the reaction,
c) Determining preliminary concentrations of the analytes of interest in the sample reaction mixture by comparing the measured intensities of the sample reaction mixture at two, three, four, five or more time points of the reaction (tn = t0s + xn) with the intensities of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth and further comparative reaction mixture at the same time points of the reaction (tn = t0c + xn),
d) Determining the margin of error for the preliminary concentration of the analytes of interest in the sample reaction mixture in step c) at the given time points (tn) and
e) Determining the concentration of the analytes of interest in the sample reaction mixture by comparing the preliminary concentrations and the respective margin of error at the given time points (tn) and selecting the appropriate preliminary concentration or a mean value of preliminary concentrations to be the concentration of analytes of interest in the sample reaction mixture.
摘要：
本发明涉及一种确定样品反应混合物中相关分析物浓度的方法，该混合物包括或疑似包括相关分析物，该方法包括或由以下步骤组成：
a) 在反应的给定时间段内，测量或提供一种、两种、三种、四种、五种或更多种具有不同浓度的相关分析物的比较反应混合物在垂直和水平方向上的偏振荧光强度、
b) 在反应的给定时间段内，测量样品反应混合物在垂直和水平方向上的偏振荧光强度、
c) 将样品反应混合物在反应的两个、三个、四个、五个或更多时间点（tn = t0s + xn）的测量强度与第一、第二、第三、第四、第五和更多比较反应混合物在反应的相同时间点（tn = t0c + xn）的强度进行比较，确定样品反应混合物中相关分析物的初步浓度、
d) 在给定的时间点（tn），确定步骤 c）中样品反应混合物中相关分析物初步浓度的误差范围，以及
e) 通过比较给定时间点（tn）的初步浓度和各自的误差范围，确定样品反应混合物中相关分析物的浓度，并选择适当的初步浓度或初步浓度的平均值作为样品反应混合物中相关分析物的浓度。
